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in these habitats and vicinity of village were preferred by brown bears. The frequency occurrence of food plants in plots used by bears varied considerably Irrespective of this variation, the proportional utilization of these plots with variable number of food plant species was very high, except the plots without any food plants. The proportional availability of Agricultural land was highest, followed by Grassland and forest blanks, Mixed forest with conifers and broad leaf species, Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers, Near water bodies, river and streams, Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus species, Riverine forest, Exposed rocks with slope grasses and Moist sub-alpine scrub characterized by Rhododendron species. In comparison to the availability of various habitats, the expected use of these habitat categories was found in proportion. The habitat use based on density of bear signs per hectare was highest for Agricultural land, followed by Grassland and forest blanks, Near water bodies, river and streams, Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus species, Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers, Mixed forest with conifers and broad leaf species, Moist sub-alpine scrub characterized by Rhododendron species, Riverine forest and Exposed rocks with slope grasses. The use of Agricultural land and Grassland and forest blanks habitats was high, and the expected use was also proportionally high. Rest of the habitat categories Near water bodies, river and streams, Exposed rocks with slope grasses, Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus species, Riverine forest and Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers were utilized more or less in proportion to the expected use. So the habitat use by brown bears was in proportion to the availability and the expected use of these habitat categories. Thus, habitat use in proportion to its availability could be correlated with availability of food items and also shelter. The relation between utilization and 94
availability of brown bear habitat features using ten variables was compared by testing the hypothesis i.e. bears used habitats in proportion to their availability. The null hypothesis was not rejected. Brown bears preferred forested habitats and used beach (Fagus sylvatica) and durmast (Querus petaea) oak forest in greater proportion than their availability (Clevenger et al., 1992). The habitat used by grizzly bear more than expected were riparian zones and wet seeps in spring, wet seeps and alpine slab rock in summer and reparian zones and, wet seeps, in spring, wet seeps and alpine slab rock in summer and riparian zones, wet seeps, wet meadows, and alpine slab rock (Servheen, 1983). In Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, northeast Alaska, tussock tundra and tall shrubland were used slightly more frequently by grizzly bears during spring than expected based on availability, whereas low shrubland was used much more frequently than expected and bears were observed in tall and low shrubland usually digging hedysarum roots (Phillips, 1987). In North Bilaspur forest division, sloth bear population used different habitat types, and the expected utilization in each habitat category differed significantly from the occurrence of habitat categories within the study area (Akhtar et al., 2002). Reynold and Beecham (1980) also recorded the movements of black bears in response to the phenological stages of food plants in different areas. Amstrup and Beecham (1976) indicated that bears associated mostly with particular plant species during its peak fruit availability. Manjrekar (1989) in Dachigam National Park found that black bears were mainly dependent on fruits of Prunus avium, Morus alba, Quercus robur and Juglans regia by extensively utilizing forest habitats. The habitat use pattern of brown bear showed marked seasonal variation. The overall extent of habitat use was high for most of the habitat categories except Near water 95
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
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Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
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Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
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Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
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Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
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Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
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Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
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Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
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Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
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Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
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Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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