Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in Greece: Distribution , Present Status-Ecology of a Northern Pindus Sub Population. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9(1): 187-197. Michael, R.P., Alex, B.C., Thomas, H.E., Diana, L.D.M., Joel ,A.P., Frank,T.V.M. and Keith, M.W. (1999). American black bear Conservation Action Plan. In: Bears: Status survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group, Christopher Servheen, Stephen Herrero and Bernard Peyton (eds), IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp 144-156. Middaugh, J.P. (1987). Human injury from black bear attacks in Alaska, 1990-1985. Alaska Medicine, 29: 121-126. Miller, S.D., White, G.C., Sellers, R.A., Reynolds, H.V., Schoen, J.W., Titus, K., Barnes, V.G., Smith, R.B., Nelson, R.R., Ballard, W.B. and Schwartz, C.C (1997). Brown and black bear density estimation in Alaska using radiotelemetry and replicated mark-resight techniques. Wildlife Monograph 133. Minamiyama, M., Yamasaki, S. and Sato, Y. (2006). Food habits of brown bear in relation to acorns production. Proceeding of the 17 th International Conference on Bear Research and Management October 2 nd -6 th , Nagano, Japan. Page 133. Mizukami, R.N., Goto, M., Izumiyama, S., Hayashi, H. and Yoh, M. (2005). Estimation of feeding history by measuring carbon and nitrogen stable ratios in hairs of Asiatic black bears. Ursus, 16(1): 93-101. Mundy, K.R.D. and Flook, D.R. (1973). Background for managing grizzly bears in the national parks of Canada, Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. No. 22, 34pp. Murie, A. (1948). Cattle on grizzly bear range. Journal of Wildlife Management, 12: 57- 72. 177
Murie, A. (1944). The wolfs of the Mount McKinley. Fauna of the National Parks of the U.S., Fauna Ser. No.5. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 238pp. Murie, A. (1981) The grizzlies of Mount Mckinley. U. S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Scientific Monograph Series 14, 251pp. Mysterud, I. (1974). Sheep killed by brown bear, Ursus arctos, in Engerdal, South Norway, during the years 1953-1963. Fauna, 27: 121-138. Mysterud, I. (1980). Bear management and sheep husbandry in Norway, with discussion of predatory behavior significant for evaluation of livestock losses. International Conference on Bear Management Series no. 3, 233-41. Mysterud, I., Swenson, J., Linnell, J.D.C., Gautestad, A., Mysterud, I., Odden, J., Smith, M., and Aanes, R. (1996). Carnivores and sheep husbandry in Norway: state of knowledge and evaluation of protective measures.) Biologisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian). Nagy, J.A., Russell, R.H., Pearson, A.M., Kingsley, M.C., and Goski, B.C. (1983a). Ecological studies of the grizzly bear in arctic mountains, northern Yukon Territories, 1972 to 1975. Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Nagy, J.A., Russell, R.H., Pearson, A.M., Kingsley, M.C., and Larsen, C.B. (1983b). A study of grizzly bears on the barren grounds of Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and Richards Island, Northwest Territories, 1974-1978. Canadian Wildlife Service Report, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Nawaz, M.A. (2005) Status of Himalayan Brown Bears in Pakistan. Proceeding of the 16 th International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Sept. 27 th to Oct. 1 st 2005, Riva del Garda, Trentino, Italy. 178
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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- Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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- Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
- Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
- Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
- Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
- Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
- Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
- Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
- Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
- Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
- Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
- Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
- Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
- Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
- Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
- Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
- Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
- Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
- Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
- Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
- Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
- Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
- Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
- Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
- Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
- Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
- Page 220 and 221: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
- Page 222 and 223: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
- Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
- Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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- Page 234 and 235: 4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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- Page 238 and 239: E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu