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of differences in food available (Ohdachi and Aoi, 1987). They also reported consumption of mushrooms by brown bear and a seasonal variation in the frequency occurrence of mushrooms in scats in Hokkaido though its estimated volume was low. Availability of most of the other food items of brown bear was between March and October months. Food plants: Capsella bursa pastoris, Chenopodium album, Fragaria nubicola and Taraxacum officinale were available throughout March/April to September/October, except Rumex nepalensis which was available till November. Brown bears were observed digging and feeding on this plant extensively before hibernation. Variety of food plants such as Chaerophyllum reflexum, Napeta laevigata, Origanum vulgare, Potentilla argyrophylla, Impatiens scabrida, Stachys melissaefolia, Stellaria media and Typhonum seginatum were available as food plants during May to September. Ants and insects were consumed by bears from the time of emergence after hibernation. Livestock, sheep and goat, were present in large numbers from May till October when nomadic graziers visited the sanctuary area. The presence of remnants of different food items in the scats of bears were directly correlated with the availability of food items in different months in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. On the contrary, the summer food habits of brown bears investigated in Kekexili Nature Reserve, Quinghai-Tibetan plateau, China indicated that brown bears were primarily carnivorous plateau; their diet was mainly constituted of pika (Ochotona curzoniae), wild yak (Bos grunniens), and Tibetan antelope in that region (Xu et al., 2006). Vegetable matter also occurred in bear feces. Food habits of grizzly bears in the Yellowstone area of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho revealed that ungulates 64
constituted a major portion of early season diet, graminoids of May and June diet, and Whitebark pine seeds of late season scats (Mattson et al., 1991a). Their study also revealed that mushrooms and puffballs also constituted a minor portion of scat volume, with peak representation in September. 65
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
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Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Page 222 and 223:
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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