Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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There was varying extent of damage to agricultural and horticultural crops depending on locations from the village. The crop depredating species found in this area were bears, Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos), langur (Presbytis entellus), monkey (Macaca mulata), goral (Nemorhaedus goral), porcupine (Hystrix indica) and rodents (squirrel, rats, mice, voles, shrew) and birds etc. 6.3.2.1 Agricultural crops Different agricultural crops grown in Kugti wildlife sanctuary are shown in Table 5. In this area, the rabi crops were found to be wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The kharif crops cultivated were maize (Zea mays), phulan (Fagopyrum esculentum), bharesh, rajmash (Phaseolus sativus), mash (Phaseolus radiatus), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and peas (Pisum sativum). The wheat was the most dominant crop grown during winter and rainy seasons, and maize crop was grown abundantly during rainy season. The sowing and harvesting periods of these agricultural crops including vegetable crops are shown in Table 5. The damage caused to these agricultural crops was found to be of varying extent. The results are as follows: 6.3.2.2 Nature and time of damage Crop depredation by brown bear was found to be quite visible in crop fields. Table 6 shows different agricultural crops, depredating species, damage time, part eaten or damaged and activities of brown bears and other animals resulting into the damage. 120
Different plant species, phenological stages and their parts preferred by these depredating species are also shown. Brown bears preferred wheat tender leaves and grains, maize corn, and young shoots and grains of barley, phulen and bharesh crops (Table 6). Damage to wheat, maize, barley, bharesh and phulan crops was maximum during the seeding stage and seed formation stage when corn in spikes developed. Maize and wheat plants were trampled more that eaten. Photograph 7 and 8 show damage to wheat and maize crops by brown bear in Tendei and Seri agricultural areas respectively in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Seeds of pea and rajmash were also consumed by bears. Brown bears were found to damage wheat, maize and barley grains mainly by its trampling and feeding activities. Seed formation stage of these crops was found highly susceptible to damage. 6.3.2.3 Monthly variations In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, damage to agricultural crops by brown bears showed marked monthly variations depending on various phenological stages of crops preferred as food (Table 7). Brown bears were found to extensively damage wheat, maize, barley, bharesh and phulan crops by trampling and feeding activities. Damage to wheat crop by bears was found during July-August and October-November. Maize and barley crops were damaged during August-September and June-July respectively. Damage to phulen, bharesh and rajmash crops was found to occur in August, September and early 121
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167: 4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
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Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
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Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
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Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
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Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
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Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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