Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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analysis has been widely studied on different bear species. In some studies on black bear, both scats and stomach contents were used and in few other cases, only scats were used to study the feeding ecology of bears (Tisch, 1961; Schaller, 1967; Laurie and Sedensticker, 1977; Landers et al., 1979; Mealey, 1980; Kendall, 1983; Bunnell and Hamilton, 1983; Nagy et al., 1983a; Graber and White, 1983; Hechtel, 1985; Maehr and Brady, 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Phillips, 1987; Hamer and Herrero, 1987b; Ohdachi and Aoi, 1987; Cicnjak et al., 1987; Clevenger et al., 1992; Mattson et al., 1991a; Aune, 1994; McLellan and Hovey, 1995; Dahle et al., 1998; MacHutchon and Wellwood, 2003; Kobayashi et al., 2006; Minamiyama et al., 2006 and Xu et al., 2006). The brown bears have a holarctic distribution that stretches from Eurasia to North America. With such a wide geographic distribution, food habits of brown bears differ substantially in different geographic areas, and there is marked seasonal variation in food selection (Welch et al., 1997; Hilderbrand et al., 1999a; Rode and Robbins, 2000 and MacHutchon and Wellwood, 2003). In a study in Bieszczady Mountains, Poland, the diet of brown bears was found dominated by vegetable matter, accounting for almost 73% of the volume of scat sample analyzed (Frackowiak, 1997). Such a high percentage of vegetable food was observed in most of brown bear populations in Scandinavia, North America, former Yugoslavia, Japan and Italy (Mealy, 1980; Zuninio, 1976; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Cicnjak et al., 1987; Odhachi and Aoi, 1987 and Elgmork and Kassa, 1992). In most bear species including Asiatic black bear, sloth bear, American black bear, grizzly bear and brown bear, it has been found that in addition to the animal matter, plant matter constituted a major part of diet (Cicnjak et al., 1987; Schaller, 1969; Landers et al., 1979; Nozaki et al., 1983; Maehr and Brady, 48
1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhachi and Aoi, 1987, and Manjrekar, 1989). An examination of 177 scats of brown bear in the Mission mountains, Montana revealed that food habits varied with season. Perennial graminoids and forbs such as Taraxacum spp. and Trifolium spp. constituted the spring foods. During late spring and early summer, succulent forbes such as Heracleum lanatum and other apiaceae became the food sources. Domestic tree fruits (apples, plums and pears) were the major autumn food resources (Servheen, 1983). Manjrekar (1989) reported occurrence of 22 food items based on scat analysis in the diet of black bears in Dachigam national park, India. Over 22% of the overall diet by weight was foliage, 72% was fruit and about 2% was animal matter. Prunus avium and Morus alba (mulberry) were the major fruits in the diet during June-July, while Quercus robber (English oak) and Juglans regia (walnut) accounted for a major proportion of diet during September-early October (Manjrekar, 1989). Schaller (1969) investigated the diet of black bears in Dachigam national park during October based on scat analysis. Oak (12%), walnut (33%), and Celtis australis (40%) formed the major part of the black bear diet. He also observed bears feeding on fallen oak acrons and walnuts. Sathyakumar and Viswanath (2003) observed black bears on 6 occasions and reported bears feeding on Rhododendron arboretum, Berberis asiatica and remains of a cattle kill made by a common leopard. Schaller et al., (1989) reported that in China, Asiatic black bears showed a shift from leafy material in early summer diet to fleshy fruits and then to fat-rich fruits before hibernation. In Yellowstone area of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, food habits of grizzly bears were studied for eleven years and the study revealed that ungulate remains constituted a major portion of early season scats, graminoids of May and June scats and white bark pine seed scats of late season scats (Mattson et al., 1991a). Berries constituted a minor portion of scats during all months 49
Page 1 and 2:
Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
Page 3 and 4:
Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183:
Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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