Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Chapter 6: Human-brown bear conflicts Photograph 1. Nomadic shepherd with livestock going inside Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 2. Gaddies shepherds grazing their livestock in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 3. Livestock grazing in Sarni dhar close to dalatu agricultural land. Photograph 4. Interviewing shepherd in ‘Bhug’ dhar and collecting information on livestock killings by bears. Photograph 5. News clippings showing bear attack on human beings in Chamba district. Photograph 6. Sheep and goat killed and fed upon by brown bear in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 7. Damage to wheat crop by brown bear in Tendei agricultural area in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 8. Damage to maize crop by brown bear in Seri agricultural land. Photograph 9. Crop protection hut for protection of maize crop from depradation. Photograph 10. Brown bear killed by shepherds in Kugti wildlife sanctuary in retaliation to livestock depredation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individuals have made this study on brown bear successful and I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone. First and foremost, I express my special word of thanks to my guide Dr. N. P. S. Chauhan, for his constant research guidance, advice, suggestions and for having critically gone through the manuscript. His valuable and friendly guidance on every stage of my research is greatly acknowledged. The foremost person to whom I am grateful is my teacher, my mentor and a person who introduced me to research Prof. H. S. Banyal, Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. I learnt a lot more about life and values than about wildlife from him. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. V. C. Soni, Department of Bio- Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot for his help and support throughout the period. Someones who deserve a special mention are Mr. Harry Reynolds, Ex- President, International Bear Association, and Dr. Diana Doan-Crider who gave me the chance to attend 15 th and 18 th International Conferences on Bear Research and Management held at San Diego, California, USA in February, 2004 and Monterrey, Mexico City in November, 2007 and greatly appreciated my work on bears. I also acknowledge the organizing secretary, Dr. Andrew Belmfold of Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, U.K. for giving me the chance to attend 6 th International Conference on Conservation Science held in March 2006. I would like to express my sincere sense of gratitude to the Secretary cum Commissioner of higher education and Director Higher education, Government of Himachal Pradesh for granting me the permission to attend above cited international conferences. i
Page 1 and 2: Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
Page 3 and 4: Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5. Presence of food items in
Page 11: Photograph 11. Collection of brown
Page 15 and 16: logistic support in the alpine and
Page 17 and 18: Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64:
Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66:
A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74:
these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136:
1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150:
Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152:
The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154:
Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159:
Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163:
Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169:
During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171:
17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173:
References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177:
Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183:
Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201:
Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207:
Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211:
Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217:
Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233:
Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 234 and 235:
4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
Page 236 and 237:
vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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