Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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3.6 Human habitation The sanctuary is surrounded by nine villages. There is one village, lower and upper Kugti village with a total population of about 1200 inside the protected area. The inhabitants hold rights to fodder, fuelwood, cultivation, burial grounds and religious activities. The land holding of the farmers are small and scattered. The farmers grow more than two crops in a year and follow crop rotation. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) are the main crops, followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare), rejma (Phaseolus sativus), potato (Solanum tuberosum) mash (Phaseolus radiatus) and Braresh. The sanctuary is used by a large number of gaddi shepherds during summer for grazing. The number of sheep and goats brought for grazing in the sanctuary during May to October every year is estimated to be 12,000 to 15,000. The camping sites are locally known as got. Photograph 4 shows livestock grazing in sub-alpine areas. There are 22 grazing pastures or dhars located in the sanctuary. However, recent developments of sequential hydel projects in adjacent areas and erection of transmission lines have significantly altered the landscape and resulted in soil erosion and landslides. Increasing tourism, pilgrims and annual fairs and migratory livestock are considered as major conservation threats to this protected area. 46
Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown bear 4.1 Introduction The Kugti wildlife sanctuary of Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh seems to harbour sizeable population of Himalayan brown bears. Inside Kugti wildlife sanctuary, there is only one village, upper and lower Kugti, and agricultural lands are located away from the village and close to mixed coniferous forests. People invade forests and share natural resources, which results in increasing competition and confrontation with wild animals. Brown bears were seen active during the day hours in alpine and sub-alpine areas, where there was less disturbance. Brown bears raid agricultural crops, fruiting trees in the vicinity of villages and use forest, alpine and sub-alpine areas in search of food and shelter while people collect non-timber forest produce and fuel wood from forests and take their livestock especially sheep and goats in forests for grazing. This common dependency and resource sharing of people and bears results into conflicts in form of livestock depredation and crop raiding by bears and developing antagonism by people for conservation of bears inside the sanctuary. The survival of bears and their physiological activities are governed by the availability of food items and dietary components in their habitat. Most bears are opportunistic omnivores and their diet varies from fruits, other vegetative material, mammals and fishes to insects. Information on composition and seasonal variation in bear diet can be collected either by making direct observations on feeding activities and signs in these areas or indirectly through scat analysis. Scats are required to be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Dietary composition through scat 47
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
Page 17 and 18: Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
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Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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