Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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study. Analysis of bear scats in the laboratory was based on the techniques of Tisch (1961), Mealey (1980), Ohdachi and Aoi (1987) and MacHutchon and Wellwood (2003). Basic steps involved were (1) rehydration of fecal material to render it pliable and to restore its original form, (2) separation of material into homogeneous groups by use of screens, (3) identification of contents, and (4) recording of identified materials. All inseparable and unidentifiable crushed matter were considered as waste and discarded. Dietary composition was estimated in terms of frequency occurrence of food items in the scats and ocular estimate of their volume. Estimates of volume were ocularly assigned to one of the 3 categories: high (66.7%-100% of the scat), medium (33.4%- 66.6%), or low (0-33.3%). 4.3 Results Based on scat analysis, direct feeding observations and indirect signs, the dietary composition of brown bears and seasonal difference in their food habits are as follows: The items/species area curve was developed to find minimum number of scats required to study the dietary composition. On the basis of this, minimum of 63 scats out of total 72 scats in summer, 45 out of 69 scats in monsoon and 64 out of 81 scats in fall were required to know the dietary composition of brown bear (Figure 1). The analysis of total 222 scats revealed that all the food items were represented in as minimum as 183 scats. The scats collected during summer, monsoon and fall seasons 52
were analysed, and the proportion of food items and inseparable mixture was calculated. 4.3.1 Dietary composition An analysis of total 222 scats, comprising of 72 scats of summer season, 69 scats of monsoon and 81 scats of fall, showed both plant and animal matter in the diet of brown bear in all seasons. When only plant and animal matters were considered to know their contribution to the diet annually, it was found that the frequency of occurrence of plant matter was higher in the scats of brown bear (79%) than the animal matter (21%) (Figure 2). During summer, monsoon and fall, the frequency occurrence of animal matter was 27.8%, 23% and 9% respectively, and the frequency occurrence of plant matter was 72.2, 77% and 91% respectively. All these dietary composition revealed that the frequency of occurrence of plant matter was higher than the animal matter in all the seasons. The animal matter was found to be comprised of insects, ants and unknown items including hairs, bones, jaws, teeth, claws and nails in the bear diet (Table 1). The plant matter eaten by brown bear comprised of 10 plant species, as confirmed through scat analysis, included seeds of Prunus persica and Prunus cornuta, and fruits of Rhamnus virgatus, Viburnum cotinifolium and Berberis aristata, and guchhi mushroom Morchella esculenta and unknown herbaceous plant matter. Scats of brown bears were found to contain wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves and seeds, jau (Hordeum vulgare) seeds, ‘bharesh’ (Fagopyrum esculatum) seeds, seeds of ‘phulen’ crop, maize (Zea mays) seeds, aru (Prunus persica) fruits, jammu (Prunus cornuta) fruits, kamulu (Berberis aristata) fruits, fruits of Rhamnus virgatus and Viburnum cotinifolium and plenty of herbaceous matter found in the study area. 53
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73: these scats were separately placed
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
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Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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