Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). Food habits and foraging of brown bear Ursus arctos in central South Norway. Ecography, 15: 101-110. Elgmork, K. and Unander, S. (1998). Brown bear use of ant mounds in Scandinavia. Ursus, 10: 269-274 Elowe, K. (1984). Home range, movements, and habitat preferences of black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Massachusetts. Thesis, <strong>University</strong> of Massachusetts. Amherst. Ewer, R. F. (1973). The carnivores. Cornell <strong>University</strong> Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. Farley, S. D. and Robbins, C.T. (1995). Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73: 2216- 22. Fico, R., Morosetti, G. and Giovannini, A. (1993). The impact of predators on livestock in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Revue scientifique et technique des Epizooties, 12: 39-50. Flaten, O. and Kleppa, S. (1999). An economic analysis of protective measures to reduce sheep depredation) Norsk instiutt for landbruksokonomisk forskning, report 1999/1, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian) Folk, G.E., Jr., Simmonds, R.C., Brewer, M.C. and Folk, M.A. (1968). Physiology of winter denning of polar and grizzly bears. Proceeding of the Alaska Science Conference, 9: 26-27. Folk, G.E., Jr., Folk, M.A. and Minor, J.J. (1972). Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 2: 107-24. 159
Folk, G.E., Jr., Larson, A. and Folk, M.A. (1976). Physiology of hibernating bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 3: 373-80. Follman, E.H., Philo, L.M. and Reynolds, H.V. (1979). Annual variations in body temperature of grizzly bears. Proceeding of the Alaska Science Conference, 29: 647. Fortin, J.K., Farley, S.D., Rode, K.D. and Robbins, C.T. (2007). Dietary and spatial overlap between sympatric ursids relative to salmon use. Ursus, 18(1) in press. Frackowiak, W. (1997). Diet and food habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Polish eastern Carpathians. Journal Wildlife Research, 2(2): 154-160. Franzmann, A.W. and Schwartz, C.C. (1986). Black bear predation on moose calves in highly productive versus marginal moose habitats on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Alces, 22: 139-153. Fredriksson, G. (2005). Human-sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Ursus, 16(1): 130-137. Friebe, A., Swenson, J.E. and Sandegren, F. (2001). Denning chronology of female brown bears in central Sweden. Ursus, 12: 36-46. Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1995). Damages attributed to the brown bear in Spain: the case of Asturias. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9(2): 97- 105. Garcia-Gaona, J.F., Roy, E. and Blanco, J.C. (1993). Danos del oso en la Cordillera Cantabrica. Pages 288-309 in J. Naves and G. Palomero, sditors. El oso pardo en Espana. Coleccion Tecnica, ICONA, Madrid, Spain. (In Spanish.) 160
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167: 4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229: Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231: Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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