Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Table 1. Frequency of occurrence and estimated volume of food items in scats of brown bear in different seasons in Kugti wildlife sanctuary during 2002-2004. Food items Occurrence Summer, n=72 Monsoon, n=69 Fall, n=81 Annual, n=222 Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Hairs 4 3.5 0.27 L 6 4.3 0.32 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 10 2.9 0.25 L Bones 4 3.5 0.27 L 4 2.9 0.20 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 8 2.3 0.19 L Jaws, Teeth 0 0.0 0.00 L 2 1.4 0.07 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 2 0.6 0.05 L Claws, Nail 0 0.0 0.00 L 2 1.4 0.07 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 2 0.6 0.05 L Insects Parts 8 7.0 0.60 M 6 4.3 0.32 M 4 4.5 0.42 L 18 5.2 0.50 M Ants Heads 16 13.9 1.26 M 12 8.6 0.69 M 4 4.5 0.42 L 32 9.3 0.94 M Bharesh seeds 0 0.0 0.00 L 7 5.0 0.38 M 1 1.1 0.04 L 8 2.3 0.19 L Wheat seeds 0 0.0 0.00 L 6 4.3 0.32 M 0 0.0 0.00 L 6 1.7 0.12 L Zea mays seeds 0 0.0 0.00 L 7 5.0 0.38 M 0 0.0 0.00 L 7 2.0 0.16 L Hordeum vulgare seeds 2 1.7 0.11 L 2 1.4 0.07 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 4 1.2 0.05 L Berberis aristata 2 1.7 0.11 L 5 3.6 0.26 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 7 2.0 0.16 L Standard Error ± 68 Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v)
Continued Food items Occurrence Summer, n=72 Monsoon, n=69 Fall, n=81 Annual, n=222 Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Rhamnus virgatus 3 2.6 0.19 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 3 0.9 0.04 L Viburnum cotinifolium 4 3.5 0.27 L 2 1.4 0.07 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 6 1.7 0.12 L Prunus persica seeds 0 0.0 0.00 M 13 9.4 0.75 M 5 5.6 0.54 L 18 5.2 0.50 M Prunus cornuta 0 0.0 0.00 L 2 1.4 0.07 L 3 3.4 0.30 L 5 1.5 0.09 L Morchella esculenta 6 5.2 0.44 L 1 0.7 0.04 L 0 0.0 0.00 L 7 2.0 0.16 L Plant matter 66 57.4 5.33 H 62 44.6 3.75 H 72 80.9 8.57 H 200 58.3 6.16 H Standard Error ± 69 Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v) Occurrence Frequency of occurrence (%) Standard Error ± Estimated volume (v)
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177:
Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183:
Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207:
Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211:
Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217:
Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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