Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Presence of bear signs in different habitats varied with availability of food items in different seasons. Black bear feeding signs in decaying stumps and ground cavities on sand ridges to feed on insects were seen frequently during spring and summer. Black bears need large areas with a variety of habitat types in coastal plains of North Carolina to meet their food and cover requirement (Landers et al., 1979). In Denali National Park, Alaska, habitat use and activities of bears were found to be influenced by the phenological development of cowberry (Empetrum nigrum), peavine (Hedysarum alpinum), horsetail (Equisetum arvense), polar grass (Arctagrostis latifolia), soapberry (Shepherdia canadensis) and availability of animal food items (Stelmock and Dean, 1986). The indirect evidences in different available habitats revealed that brown bears were generalistic as far the habitat use was concerned. In Denali National Park, another study on the habitat use by grizzly bear indicated that differences in family age, seasons, and years contributes to differences in overall habitat use patterns (Darling, 1987). In spring, bears were generally on low slopes and in valley bottoms, whereas in summer they were found on upper and middle hillsides. They moved back down to lower hillsides and valleys in fall but were less concentrated in valley bottoms than in spring. The habitat use pattern by brown bears in Kugti wildlife sanctuary revealed that they differentially used available habitat types. similarly, sloth bear population also showed no avoidance or preference for any habitat type in North Bilaspur forest division, Madhya Pradesh (Akhtar et al., 2002). Sloth bears were found to use different habitat types covering smaller areas and showed distinct seasonal shifts between Sal forest, Land near to water bodies, Sal mix Forest, Mix forest, Scrub land, Plantation, Open land and Crop field. Presence of bear signs in different habitats was 92
found mainly dependent on availability of food items in different seasons. In Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, maximum scats were found in Dry deciduous tall grass forest, followed by Dry deciduous short grass, Thorn forest and Moist deciduous forest (Desai et al., 1997). In North Carolina, black bears need large areas with a variety of habitat types in coastal areas to meet food and cover requirement (Landers et al., 1979). Density of brown bear signs per hectare was highest in Moist sub-alpine scrub characterized by Rhododendron species and Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers, followed by Mixed forest with conifers and broad leaf species, Grassland and forest blanks, Agricultural land, Exposed rocks with slope grasses, Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus species, Riverine forest and Near water bodies, river and streams. As already stated, the habitat use by brown bear was found to be largely dependent on the availability of food resources, food plants species and shelter in different habitat types. There were 25 species of food plants found in Agricultural land, 13 species in Grassland and forest blanks, 9 species in Mixed forest with conifers and broad leaf species, 9 species in Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers, 11 species in Near water bodies, river and stream, 10 species in Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus species, 6 species in Riverine forest, 8 species in Exposed rock with slope grasses and 9 species Moist subalpine scrub with Rhododendron species. All these herbaceous food plants were consumed by brown bear in different habitats. The fruiting tree species present in these habitats were mainly Prunus cornuta, Prunus persica. Pyrus pashia, Berberis chitria, Berberis aristata, Rubus fruticosus, Viburnum cotinifolium and Rhamnus virgatus. These fruiting trees and other food items including insects and ant (Solenopsis sp.) available 93
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
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Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
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Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
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Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
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Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
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Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
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Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
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Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
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Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
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Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
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Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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