Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

Yellowstone National Park between 1974 and 1979 for studying livestock
depredation. Ten of the bears were known or suspected to kill livestock; 3 preyed on
cattle, 6 on sheep, and 1 on both. Their study also revealed that most bears that came
into contact with cattle did not make kills, and cattle were less likely to cause conflict
with grizzly bears than were sheep (Knight and Judd, 1983). There was considerable
level of human-bear conflicts in Jewal basin hiking Area, Swan Mountains, Montana
(Mace and Waller, 1996). Human-sun bear conflict in form of agricultural crop
damage was also recorded in East Kalimantan Indonesian Borneo (Fredriksson,
2005). Predation on sheep by brown bears in Slovakia was studied and it was found
that in 87% of reported attacks, 0-3 sheep were lost and most attacks occurred
between dusk and dawn (Rigg and Gorman, 2005). A comparison among European
countries revealed that Norway had highest livestock depredation rates by far; at least
25 times as many sheep were annually lost to bear predation per brown bear than in
other countries (Kaczensky, 1996). In Norway, large carnivore-livestock conflicts
have prompted several studies on the prevention or reduction of sheep depredation,
including the economics and social aspects of depredation (Wabaakken and
Maartmann, 1994; Linnell et al., 1996; Mysterud et al., 1996; Flaten and Kleppa,
1999; Krogstad et al., 2000 and Zimmermann et al., 2003). Bear depredation on sheep
occurred frequently on Norwegian summer pastures (Mysterud, 1980; Kvam et al.,
1993; Wabakken and Maartmann, 1994; Warren and Mysterud, 1995 and Dahle,
1996). In Norway, bears selected ewes over lambs (Mysterud, 1980; Kvam et al.,
1994; Warren and Mysterud, 1995 and Knarrum et al., 2006). Brown bears were
reported to kill more cattle in other countries (Murie, 1948; Knight and Judd, 1983;
Kaczensky, 1996 and Swenson et al., 1999). Studies revealed that in many areas with
both sheep and cattle, brown bears preferred sheep (Bobek et al., 1995; Garcia-gaona,
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