Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Table 4. Availability of food items of brown bear in different months in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Prunus persica (fruits) - - - - - - + + + + - - Rhamnus virgatus (fruits) - - - + + + - - - - - - Rumex nepalensis (leaves, roots) - - + + + + + + + + + - Selinum vaginatum (roots) - - - - - - + + + + + - Stachys melissaefolia - - - - + + + + - - - - Stellaria media - - - - + + + + + - - - Taraxacum officinale - - + + + + + + + + + - Triticum aestivum (leaves, seeds) - - + + + + + + - - + + Typhonum seginatum (tubers) - - - - + + + + - - - - Zea mays (seeds) - - - - - - + + + + - - Ants, insects - - - + + + + + + + + - Livestock (Sheep and goats) - - - - + + + + + + - - 74
Table 2. Number of direct feeding observations on food plants by brown bear in different seasons during 2002 to 2004. Food items Summer (n=184) 75 Monsoon (n=141) Fall (n=139) Total (n=464) Rumex nepalensis 19 11 18 48 Chaerophyllum reflexum 12 12 15 39 Impatiens scabrida 9 13 4 26 Potentilla argyrophylla 3 6 6 15 Fragaria nubicola 15 10 9 34 Geranium pratens 8 5 6 19 Gagea elegans 15 2 0 17 Capsella bursa pastoris 7 2 0 9 Stellaria media 9 6 0 15 Malva verticillata 4 4 2 10 Selinum vaginatum 0 2 8 10 Origanum vulgare 2 4 2 8 Napeta laevigata 2 4 0 6 Stachys melissaefolia 4 6 4 14 Chenopodium album 6 2 2 10 Chenopodium foliolosum 2 6 0 8 Fagopyrum esculentum 2 5 3 10 Typhonum seginatum 2 3 0 5 Geum elatum 0 2 9 11 Morchella esculenta 6 0 0 6 Taraxacum officinale 10 6 5 21 Artemisia vestita 8 0 0 8 Prunus persica 0 0 12 12 Prunus cornuta 0 2 9 11 Rhamnus virgatus 6 0 0 6 Berberis sps 2 4 0 6 Triticum aestivum 6 4 11 21 Hordeum vulgare 4 0 0 4 Zea mays 2 8 0 10 Ants 12 9 5 26 Unknown 7 3 9 19
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66: A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116: found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118: availability of brown bear habitat
Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177:
Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Page 222 and 223:
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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