Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of some features of the evolution, ecology and behavior of black and grizzly/brown bears. Carnivore, 1: 7-17. Herrero, S. (1985). Bear attacks: their causes and avoidance. Winchester, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Herrero, S. (1999). Introduction to the bear Conservation Action Plan. Pp. 207-211 in Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Servheen et al. (editors), op.cit. Herrero, S. and Hamer, D. (1977). Courtship and copulation of a pair of grizzly bears, with comments on reproductive plasticity and strategy. Journal of Mammalogy, 58: 441-44. Herrero, S. and Fleck, S. (1990). Injury to people inflicted by black, grizzly or polar bears: Recent trends and new insights. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8: 25-32. Herrero, S. and Higgins, A. (1999). Human injuries inflicted by bears in British Columbia: 1960-97 Ursus, 11: 209-218. Herrero, S., Miller, P.S. and Seal, U.S. eds. (2000). Population and habitat viability assessment for the grizzly bear of Central Rockies Ecosystem (Ursus arctos). Eastern Slopes Grizzly Bear Project, <strong>University</strong> of Calgary, Canada, and Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN. Hersey, K.R., Edwards, A.S. and Clark, J.D. (2005). Assessing American black bear habitat in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta of southwestern Alabama. Ursus, 16(2): 245- 254. Hewitt, D.G., and Robbins, C.T. (1996). Estimating grizzly bear food habits from fecal analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24: 547-50. 165
Hilderbrand, G.V., Schwartz, C.C., Robbins, C.T., Jacoby, M.E., Hanley, T.A., Arthur, S.M., and Servheen. C. (1999a). The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77: 132-138. Hilderbrand, G.V., Schwartz, C.C., Robbins, C.T. and Hanley, T.A. (2000). Effect of hibernation and reproductive status on body mass and condition of coastal brown bears. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64: 178-83. Hill, C.M. (1997). Crop-raiding by wild vertebrates: the farmer‟s perspective in an agricultural community in western Uganda. International Journal of Pest Management, 43: 77-84. Horstman, L.P., and Gunson, J.R. (1982). Black bear predation on livestock in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 10: 34-39. Huygens, O.C. and Hayashi, H. (1999). Using electric fences to reduce Asiatic black bear depredation in Nagano prefecture, central Japan. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27:959-964. Huygens, O.C., Miyashita, T., Dahle, B., Carr, M., Izumiyama, S., Sugawara, T. and Hayashi, H. (2003). Diet and feeding habits of Asiatic black bears in the Northern Japanese Alps. Ursus, 14(2): 236-245. Huygens, O.C., Van Manen, F.T., Martorello, D.A., Hayashi, H. and Ishida, J. (2004). Relationship between Asiatic black bear kills and depredation costs in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Ursus, 15(2): 197-202. Hygnstrom, S. and Craven, S. (1985). Bear damage and nuisance problems in Wisconsin. <strong>University</strong> of Wisconsin, Extension Publication Number G-3300, USA. 166
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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- Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
- Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
- Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
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- Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
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- Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
- Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
- Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
- Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
- Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
- Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
- Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
- Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
- Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
- Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
- Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
- Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
- Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
- Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
- Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
- Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
- Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
- Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
- Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
- Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
- Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
- Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
- Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
- Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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- Page 222 and 223: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
- Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu