Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 26 - From Marx to Mao

554 NOTES102103104105106107108109and army units, and groups which had walked out. The Congressclosed after 5.00 a.m. p. 243The reference is to the Central Executive Committee elected bythe First All- Russia Congress of Soviets which was held in Petrogradfrom June 3 to 24 (June 16 to July 7), 1917. The Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, who favoured support ofthe bourgeois Provisional Government, had a majority in theFirst Executive Committee. p. 247The reference is to the belligerents in the First World War: theEntente (France, Britain, Russia, Italy and the U.S.A., whichjoined them) and also Belgium, Serbia, Rumania, Japan and China;and the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austro- Hungary, Turkeyand Bulgaria). p. 249The Anti- Socialist Law was introduced in Germany in 1878 bythe Bismarck Government to fight the working- class and socialistmovement. It outlawed all Social- Democratic organisations, working-class associations, the working- class press, and provided forthe confiscation of socialist literature. Social- Democrats wereharassed and deported. However these reprisals failed to breakdown the Social- Democratic Party, which adapted itself to undergroundactivity: its central organ, Sozial-Demokrat was publishedabroad, and it held regular party congresses (1880, 1883 and 1887).Underground Social- Democratic organisations and groups wererapidly revived at home and operated under a Central Committeein hiding. At the same time, the Party used various legal meansof strengthening its ties with the masses and its influence grewsteadily: from 1878 to 1890, the number of votes it polled in theReichstag elections more than tripled. Marx and Engels gave theGerman Social- Democrats a great deal of help. In 1890, the Anti-Socialist Law was lifted as a result of mass pressure and the mountingworking-class movement. p. 251The reference is to a manifesto issued by the Petrograd Sovietof Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies to the peoples of the world,which was carried by the newspaper Izvestia No. 15, of March 15,1917. p. 253See Note 44. p. 253See Note 38. p. 258A labour standard is the amount of land that could be tilled by itsowner without outside help.A subsistence standard is the minimum amount of land necessaryto feed a family. p. 259The Law on Workers’ Control was drafted right after the revolution.Lenin’s Draft Regulations on Workers’ Control, which he wrote