Organohalogen concentrations and a gross and histologic ...

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Figure 1 Individual age of East Greenland polar bear skulls collected 1892- 2002. Subadults (both sexes). Figure 2 Example of periodontitis in a 20year-old male polar bear (ID #Steen) collected in Scoresby Sound (East Greenland) sampled in the summer 2000. Note the breakage and the open pulp cavity of the lower right canine (arrow) and the loss of alveolar bone tissue. The picture was taken before maceration. Figure 3 Frequencies of periodontitis in polar bears by age/sex category for two sampling periods (1892-1960 and 1961-2002, respectively). Above bars=n. 136 Age (years) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year of collection Subadults (both sexes) Adult females Adult males The analysis showed, that the frequency of periodontitis increased significantly with age (p0.2) (Fig. 3). The prevalence of periodontitis did not differ between the pre-pollution (period 1) and the pollution (period 2) sample sets for any age or sex group (all: p>0.7) (Fig. 3). Frequency 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1892-1960 1961-2002 39 93 17 Subadults Females Age/sex groups Males 52 34 37
Concentration 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 9000 Subadults 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Adults sPCBs sCHLa sDDTs Dieldrin sHCH HCB sPBDEs sPCBs sCHLa sDDTs Dieldrin sHCH HCB sPBDEs Contaminant group Contaminant group Individuals showing periodontitis Individuals not showing periodontitis Figure 4 Mean (SD) of various organohalogens (ng/g l.w.) in adipose tissue of subadult and adult polar bears sampled in East Greenland, 1999-2002 (n=79). Black bars indicate individuals showing periodontitis (4 subadults and 26 adults, respectively) and white bars indicate bears not showing periodontitis (39 subadults and 10 adults, respectively). Organohalogen concentrations We investigated if there was a difference in the levels of organohalogens between individual showing periodontitis and individuals not having periodontitis within each group of age/sex group (subadults and adults respectively) (Fig. 4). This data explorance showed that there was no statistical significant difference in mean levels of organohalogen compounds in bears with and bears without periodontitis for any of the contaminants analysed (all: p>0.1) (Fig. 4). Discussion Wildlife and periodontitis In the present study, there was no difference in the frequency of periodontitis between the pollution period and the pre-pollution in any of the age groups (Fig. 3), and the present results are therefore not in agreement with reports of skull bone lesions in harbour seals (P. vitulina) and grey seals (H. grypus) from Swedish and Danish waters. In these reports, lesions (periodontitis, often with substantial loss of alveolar bone in mandible and maxilla, and alveolar exostosis) were correlated to environmental pollutant levels (Bergman et al. 1992, Mortensen et al. 1992). Schandorff (1997) also found that for harbour seal (P. vitulina) a significant difference in the prevalence of periodontitis between non-polluted and polluted decades. The adipose levels of PCBs and DDTs found in these seal studies were significantly higher than in the present polar bears, which may explain why we did not find a contaminant-related time trend. The peridontitis complex also may not be a sensible parameter for organohalogen exposure. In Table 1 the organohalogen concentrations in seals from Danish and Baltic waters are compared to the present East Greenland polar bears. 137
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National Environmental Research Ins
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National Environmental Research Ins
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Contents Summary 7 Resumé 11 Prefa
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Paper III-b Periodontitis and tooth
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Summary Marine mammals in the Arcti
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elations between histological chang
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Resumé Betydelige mængder svært
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signifikante relationer blev fundet
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Preface Since ca. 1960 signficant a
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Acquarone, Poul Johansen and Inge B
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Abbreviations ∑ Sum of congeners
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Introduction Study area and samplin
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content and composition) varying wi
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Of the PCBs found in the East Green
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son Bay bears while the difference
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Individual levels and biological ef
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No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
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temperature extremes and/or food av
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Chapter 3 Bone mineral density and
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BMD analysed by DXA reflects the ar
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Table 4 Range in the levels (ng/g l
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Chapter 4 Liver histology of East G
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Table 7 Levels of ∑-PCBs, ∑-DDT
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Frequency (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Sever
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Effects of PBBs (PolyBrominated Bip
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Etiology and pathogenesis E Figure
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common sign (Acland 1995, Feldman 1
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Conclusions and final assessments O
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of CYP-450 activity that impact cir
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Regarding renal tissue, we will try
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Bernhoft, A., Ø. Wiig and J. U. Sk
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Feldman, E. C. (1995): Hyperadrenoc
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(eds.): Ringed seals in the North A
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McCormack, K. M., W. M. Kluwe, V. L
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Rosing-Asvid, A., E. W. Born and M.
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Valentino, R., S. Savastano, A. P.
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Paper I Seasonal and temporal trend
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eproductive rates of seals in the B
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concentrations of the 41 individual
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Figure 1 Capture locations of the p
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Table 4 Results of ANOVAs (F-value
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Long-Term Temporal Changes in OC Co
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Discussion Geographical Variation i
Page 87 and 88: sen et al. (2001) studied the trend
Page 89 and 90: higher than reported in other studi
Page 91 and 92: Bergman A, Olsson M. Pathology of b
Page 93 and 94: Muir D, Norstrom RJ. Geographical d
Page 95 and 96: Wiig Ø, Gjertz I, Hansson R, Thoma
Page 97 and 98: Key words: polar bear, Ursus mariti
Page 99 and 100: 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Sampli
Page 101 and 102: 2.3 Age Determination The age deter
Page 103 and 104: No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
Page 105 and 106: Table 4 Results (test and p-values)
Page 107 and 108: Table 6 Results from F-tests (p-val
Page 109 and 110: (oxy-chlordane, trans-chlordane, ci
Page 111 and 112: Also Pertoldi et al. (1997) investi
Page 113 and 114: study could not document a relation
Page 115 and 116: Lie E, Bernhoft A, Riget FF, Beliko
Page 117 and 118: function in harbour seals (Phoca vi
Page 119 and 120: (p=0.94). Negative correlation betw
Page 121 and 122: Osteodensitometry X-ray osteodensit
Page 123 and 124: Figure 2 BMD (g cm 2 ) in skulls fr
Page 125 and 126: Table 3 Significant results from th
Page 127 and 128: 2003) and plasma retinol and thyroi
Page 129 and 130: Comiso JC. 2002. A rapidly declinin
Page 131 and 132: Manalagas SC, Jilka RJ. 1995. Bone
Page 133 and 134: Valentine DW, Soulé M. 1973. Effec
Page 135 and 136: have the potential for adverse heal
Page 137: Dioxin-like contaminants Extraction
Page 141 and 142: Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 143 and 144: Polischuk, S. C., R. J. Letcher, R.
Page 145 and 146: Paper IV Liver histology of free-ra
Page 147 and 148: Histology All tissue samples were t
Page 149 and 150: Figure 1 Hepatic lipid accumulation
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2 Left: Portal mononuclear c
Page 153 and 154: Relationship between histology and
Page 155 and 156: kinson 1996). Due to these mechanis
Page 157 and 158: sues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessm
Page 159 and 160: van Duursen, M.B.M., Sanderson, J.
Page 161 and 162: Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
Page 163 and 164: Briefly, ∑PCBs is the sum (s) of
Page 165 and 166: Figure 1 Bottom: example of glomeru
Page 167 and 168: Figure 3 Tubular cell proliferation
Page 169 and 170: Hyalin casts Hyalin casts were eval
Page 171 and 172: Figure 6 Hyperemia (arrows) in the
Page 173 and 174: al., 2003). We did not find such a
Page 175 and 176: ANDERSEN, M., E. LIE, A. E. DEROCHE
Page 177 and 178: LUROSS, J. M., M. ALAEE, D. B. SERG
Page 179 and 180: organic mercury in liver and kidney
Page 181 and 182: Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
Page 183 and 184: Macroscopic examination of reproduc
Page 185 and 186: Results and discussion The female p
Page 187 and 188: SC II PC/LC Figure 2 The histology
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The relatively low levels of analys
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(Table 4), and we therefore conclud
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Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
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Letcher RJ, Klasson-Wehler E, Bergm
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Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timme
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10. Heier, A., C. Sonne, A. Gröne,
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crine organs and skulls in the East
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To investigate the relation between
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