Organohalogen concentrations and a gross and histologic ...

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158 Paper V Renal lesions in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during 1999- 2002. Christian Sonne 1,2* , Rune Dietz 1 , Pall S. Leifsson 3 , Erik W. Born 4 , Maja Kirkegaard 1 , Robert J. Letcher 5 , Derek C. G. Muir 6 , Frank F. Riget 1 and Lars Hyldstrup 7 . Affiliations: 1 Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, 2 Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, 3 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark, 4 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark, 5 Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Onatrio, Canada N9B 3P4, 6 National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6, 7 University Hospital of Hvidovre, Kettegaards Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark, *Corresponding author: Tel. +45-46-30-19-54; fax: +45-46-30-19-14; Email address: csh@dmu.dk (C. Sonne) Complete correspondence address: C. Sonne, D.V.M., Arctic Wildlife Research Veterinarian, National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Arctic Environment, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Tel. +45-46-30-19-54; fax: +45-46-30-19-14; Email address: csh@dmu.dk. Abstract Polar bears from East Greenland are among the most organohalogen polluted bears in the Arctic, and in some individuals the levels are in the range believed to induce adverse health effects. To determine whether this exposure had contributed to adverse effects on internal organs, renal and adrenal tissue were examined light microscopically from 91 and 43 bears, respectively. Specific histologically changes were membraneous glomerulonephritis and -sclerosis - often accompanied with tubular atrophy and hyalinisation – while tubular cellproliferation was recorded in one individual. These histopathological changes were positive correlated to age and were similar to those found in highly PCB and DDT polluted seal populations in the Baltic, and in PCB exposed laboratory animals and occupational exposed Man. No histopathology was found in the adrenals, while relationships between bone mineral density, tubular droplets and pigments and renal lesions, respectively, indicated glomerular and tubular dysfunctions. We therefore suggest that the renal lesions found in the polar bears were a result of ageing and inflectious agebts but long-term exposure to nephrotoxic heavy metals (Cd, Hg) and organohalogen compounds cannot be ruled out as co-factors. Key words: Polar bear, Ursus maritimus, East Greenland, DDTs, PCBs, kidney, glomerulonephritis, tubular lesions, interstitial nephritis, adrenal.
Introduction Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland, Svalbard and the Kara Sea carry higher loads of anthropogenic organohalogen compounds (e.g. PCBs; polychlorinated biphenyls) than polar bears elsewhere in the Arctic (e.g. Bernhoft et al., 1997; Norstrom et al., 1988, 1998; de March et al., 1998; Andersen et al., 2001; AMAP, 2004) as these three areas receive air- and seaborn pollutants from the same lower latitudinal sources. PCB levels this high are in the range believed to negatively affect reproduction and survival of seals in the Baltic Sea (e.g. de March et al., 1998; AMAP, 2004; Bergman and Olsson, 1985; Swart et al., 1994; Ross et al., 1995, 1996, ). Organohalogens are transferred transplacentally from mother to fetus in mammals (e.g. Bernhoft et al., 1997; Polischuk et al., 2002) and act as agonists and/or antagonists to hormones in endocrine organs and tissues (de March et al, 1998; AMAP, 2004; Colborn et al., 1993; Damstra et al., 2002). In organohalogen dose-response and case-control experiments, toxic effects on renal and adrenal histology have been found in rats (Bruckner et al., 1974a, b; McCormack et al., 1978; Brandt et al., 1992; Wade et al., 2002), bream fish (Abramis brama) and asp fish (Aspius aspius) (Koponen et al, 2001). Studies of free-ranging grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Baltic (Bergman and Olsson, 1985; Bergman et al, 2001) have shown an association between organochlorines and renal and adrenal lesions. Damage to the proximal kidney tubules and adrenals can induce demineralisation of the skeletal system (Fanconi’s syndrome) leading to renal osteodystrophy (osteoporosis) (Friberg et al., 1986; WHO, 1992). Specific to polar bears, recent studies on PCB levels in bears from Svalbard indicated endocrine disruption of plasma testosterone in males, plasma progesterone in females, plasma retinol (vitamin A) and T4 (Skaare et al., 2001; Haave et al., 2003; Oskam et al., 2003). Additionally, high levels of organochlorines were associated with low levels of IgG, suggesting possible immunotoxic effects (Bernhoft et al., 2000; Lie et al., 2004, submitted). Therefore samples of renal tissue from 91 bears and adrenals from 43 were collected from East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) through local subsistence hunters in the municipality of Scoresby Sound, 1999-2002. These samples were examined histologically and correlated to individual levels of organohalogens and to skull bone mineral density in a sub-set of 60 bears, to evaluate the potentially chronic toxicity of these. Materials and Methods Sampling and preparation Renal (n=91), adrenal (n=43) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (n=39) as well as skulls (n=60) were sampled from polar bears by local subsistence hunters in the Ittoqqortoormiit/Scoresby Sound area in central East Greenland (69˚00’N to 74˚00’N) in 1999-2002. All samples were taken
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National Environmental Research Ins
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National Environmental Research Ins
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Contents Summary 7 Resumé 11 Prefa
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Paper III-b Periodontitis and tooth
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Summary Marine mammals in the Arcti
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elations between histological chang
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Resumé Betydelige mængder svært
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signifikante relationer blev fundet
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Preface Since ca. 1960 signficant a
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Acquarone, Poul Johansen and Inge B
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Abbreviations ∑ Sum of congeners
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Introduction Study area and samplin
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content and composition) varying wi
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Of the PCBs found in the East Green
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son Bay bears while the difference
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Individual levels and biological ef
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No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
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temperature extremes and/or food av
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Chapter 3 Bone mineral density and
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BMD analysed by DXA reflects the ar
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Table 4 Range in the levels (ng/g l
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Chapter 4 Liver histology of East G
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Table 7 Levels of ∑-PCBs, ∑-DDT
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Frequency (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Sever
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Effects of PBBs (PolyBrominated Bip
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Etiology and pathogenesis E Figure
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common sign (Acland 1995, Feldman 1
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Conclusions and final assessments O
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of CYP-450 activity that impact cir
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Regarding renal tissue, we will try
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Bernhoft, A., Ø. Wiig and J. U. Sk
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Feldman, E. C. (1995): Hyperadrenoc
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(eds.): Ringed seals in the North A
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McCormack, K. M., W. M. Kluwe, V. L
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Rosing-Asvid, A., E. W. Born and M.
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Valentino, R., S. Savastano, A. P.
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Paper I Seasonal and temporal trend
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eproductive rates of seals in the B
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concentrations of the 41 individual
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Figure 1 Capture locations of the p
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Table 4 Results of ANOVAs (F-value
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Long-Term Temporal Changes in OC Co
Page 85 and 86:
Discussion Geographical Variation i
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sen et al. (2001) studied the trend
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higher than reported in other studi
Page 91 and 92:
Bergman A, Olsson M. Pathology of b
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Muir D, Norstrom RJ. Geographical d
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Wiig Ø, Gjertz I, Hansson R, Thoma
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Key words: polar bear, Ursus mariti
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2. Materials and methods 2.1 Sampli
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2.3 Age Determination The age deter
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No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4 Results (test and p-values)
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6 Results from F-tests (p-val
Page 109 and 110: (oxy-chlordane, trans-chlordane, ci
Page 111 and 112: Also Pertoldi et al. (1997) investi
Page 113 and 114: study could not document a relation
Page 115 and 116: Lie E, Bernhoft A, Riget FF, Beliko
Page 117 and 118: function in harbour seals (Phoca vi
Page 119 and 120: (p=0.94). Negative correlation betw
Page 121 and 122: Osteodensitometry X-ray osteodensit
Page 123 and 124: Figure 2 BMD (g cm 2 ) in skulls fr
Page 125 and 126: Table 3 Significant results from th
Page 127 and 128: 2003) and plasma retinol and thyroi
Page 129 and 130: Comiso JC. 2002. A rapidly declinin
Page 131 and 132: Manalagas SC, Jilka RJ. 1995. Bone
Page 133 and 134: Valentine DW, Soulé M. 1973. Effec
Page 135 and 136: have the potential for adverse heal
Page 137 and 138: Dioxin-like contaminants Extraction
Page 139 and 140: Concentration 9000 8000 7000 6000 5
Page 141 and 142: Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 143 and 144: Polischuk, S. C., R. J. Letcher, R.
Page 145 and 146: Paper IV Liver histology of free-ra
Page 147 and 148: Histology All tissue samples were t
Page 149 and 150: Figure 1 Hepatic lipid accumulation
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2 Left: Portal mononuclear c
Page 153 and 154: Relationship between histology and
Page 155 and 156: kinson 1996). Due to these mechanis
Page 157 and 158: sues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessm
Page 159: van Duursen, M.B.M., Sanderson, J.
Page 163 and 164: Briefly, ∑PCBs is the sum (s) of
Page 165 and 166: Figure 1 Bottom: example of glomeru
Page 167 and 168: Figure 3 Tubular cell proliferation
Page 169 and 170: Hyalin casts Hyalin casts were eval
Page 171 and 172: Figure 6 Hyperemia (arrows) in the
Page 173 and 174: al., 2003). We did not find such a
Page 175 and 176: ANDERSEN, M., E. LIE, A. E. DEROCHE
Page 177 and 178: LUROSS, J. M., M. ALAEE, D. B. SERG
Page 179 and 180: organic mercury in liver and kidney
Page 181 and 182: Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
Page 183 and 184: Macroscopic examination of reproduc
Page 185 and 186: Results and discussion The female p
Page 187 and 188: SC II PC/LC Figure 2 The histology
Page 189 and 190: The relatively low levels of analys
Page 191 and 192: (Table 4), and we therefore conclud
Page 193 and 194: Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 195 and 196: Letcher RJ, Klasson-Wehler E, Bergm
Page 197 and 198: Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timme
Page 199 and 200: 10. Heier, A., C. Sonne, A. Gröne,
Page 201 and 202: crine organs and skulls in the East
Page 203: To investigate the relation between
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