Organohalogen concentrations and a gross and histologic ...

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Figure 5 Correlation analysis of BMD in skull versus vertebrae (n=8) and BMD in skull versus femur (n=13) in a subset of 13 bears from East Greenland and Copenhagen Zoo. Correlation coefficient is given (r).***: indicates p
BMD analysed by DXA reflects the areal density of hydroxyapatite provided in g/cm 2 (Fig. 6). In the clinical evaluation of postmenopausal osteoporosis in e.g. the femoral neck or in the lumbal vertebraes the PC-supported images are sufficient to establish the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The DXA BMD expresses the average hydroxyapatite content of both trabecular and cortical bone while CT or pQCT have the possibility of expressing the hydroxyapatite in g/cm 3 and distinguish between trabecular and cortical bone tissue (e.g. Lind et al. 2003, 2004). We did not have this possibility but a comparative study between DXA, pQCT and CT is planned as the trabecular and cortical bone tissue may react differently to e.g. PCB exposure (Ibid.). Period differences and time trends First, we compared 41 skulls sampled 1892-1960 with 98 skulls sampled from 1961-2002. In the preliminary analysis we found that BMD increased by age in subadults, while there was no age dependency in adults of both sexes, and that females showed significantly lower BMD than males. In addition, there were indications of a decrease in skull BMD in old females (postmenopausal) but this could not be confirmed due to too few observations in this age/sex group. For both subadults and adults, the BMD in skulls from the supposed polluted period (1961-2002) was significantly lower compared to the supposed non-polluted period (1892-1960). This results were supported by the trend analysis over the entire period 1892-2002, and are in accordance with time trend studies of grey seals in the Baltic and the Danish Kattegat harbour seal. In these, the magnitude of alveolar bone loss (osteoporosis) in mandible and maxilla was higher in the supposed pollution period (ca. 1960-recent) compared to the supposed prepollution period (before 1960) (Bergman et al. 1992a, Mortensen et al.1992, Schandorff 1997a). Lind et al. (2003) investigated the BMD in mandible and radius of the Baltic grey seal by pQCT and found that radius trabecular bone mineral density was significantly higher in a fairly low pollution period (1986-1997) compared to a high pollution period (1965-1985). They also showed that the mandible cortical bone mineral density was significantly lower in the fairly low pollution period (1986-1997) compared to the pre-pollution period (1850-1955). BMD and contaminant levels The second data exploration of BMD was the relationship between organohalogens and BMD on an individual by individual basis. In these analysis we found a negative correlation between ∑-PCBs and ∑-DDTs (and nearly ∑-PBDEs) and BMD in subadults of both sexes while chlordanes and dieldrin were negative correlated to BMD in adult males. In both mammals and birds 4,4’-DDT is known to be highly estrogenic active through the estrogen receptors (ER), while the metabolites 4,4’-DDE and also 4,4’-DDD are less estrogenic (e.g. Kupfer and Bulger 1980). At the same time the 4,4’-DDE metabolite is anti-androgenic – and not estrogenic – through DNA/RNA-transcription blocking effects via ER and/or the androgen receptor (AR) (e.g. Kelce et al. 1995, Letcher et al. 2002). These changes in gene expression are critical for normal biological function (cell proliferation and differentiation) as well as development in the multiple organ systems of mammals. Chlordanes and dieldrin have been shown to have a modulating effect on cytochrome P450 (increase) in rodents, dogs and rhesus monkey and on the 37
Page 1 and 2: National Environmental Research Ins
Page 3 and 4: National Environmental Research Ins
Page 5 and 6: Contents Summary 7 Resumé 11 Prefa
Page 7 and 8: Paper III-b Periodontitis and tooth
Page 9 and 10: Summary Marine mammals in the Arcti
Page 11 and 12: elations between histological chang
Page 13 and 14: Resumé Betydelige mængder svært
Page 15 and 16: signifikante relationer blev fundet
Page 17 and 18: Preface Since ca. 1960 signficant a
Page 19 and 20: Acquarone, Poul Johansen and Inge B
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations ∑ Sum of congeners
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Study area and samplin
Page 25 and 26: content and composition) varying wi
Page 27 and 28: Of the PCBs found in the East Green
Page 29 and 30: son Bay bears while the difference
Page 31 and 32: Individual levels and biological ef
Page 33 and 34: No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
Page 35 and 36: temperature extremes and/or food av
Page 37: Chapter 3 Bone mineral density and
Page 41 and 42: Table 4 Range in the levels (ng/g l
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 4 Liver histology of East G
Page 45 and 46: Table 7 Levels of ∑-PCBs, ∑-DDT
Page 47 and 48: Frequency (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Sever
Page 49 and 50: Effects of PBBs (PolyBrominated Bip
Page 51 and 52: Etiology and pathogenesis E Figure
Page 53 and 54: common sign (Acland 1995, Feldman 1
Page 55 and 56: Conclusions and final assessments O
Page 57 and 58: of CYP-450 activity that impact cir
Page 59 and 60: Regarding renal tissue, we will try
Page 61 and 62: Bernhoft, A., Ø. Wiig and J. U. Sk
Page 63 and 64: Feldman, E. C. (1995): Hyperadrenoc
Page 65 and 66: (eds.): Ringed seals in the North A
Page 67 and 68: McCormack, K. M., W. M. Kluwe, V. L
Page 69 and 70: Rosing-Asvid, A., E. W. Born and M.
Page 71 and 72: Valentino, R., S. Savastano, A. P.
Page 73 and 74: Paper I Seasonal and temporal trend
Page 75 and 76: eproductive rates of seals in the B
Page 77 and 78: concentrations of the 41 individual
Page 79 and 80: Figure 1 Capture locations of the p
Page 81 and 82: Table 4 Results of ANOVAs (F-value
Page 83 and 84: Long-Term Temporal Changes in OC Co
Page 85 and 86: Discussion Geographical Variation i
Page 87 and 88: sen et al. (2001) studied the trend
Page 89 and 90:
higher than reported in other studi
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Bergman A, Olsson M. Pathology of b
Page 93 and 94:
Muir D, Norstrom RJ. Geographical d
Page 95 and 96:
Wiig Ø, Gjertz I, Hansson R, Thoma
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Key words: polar bear, Ursus mariti
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2. Materials and methods 2.1 Sampli
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2.3 Age Determination The age deter
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No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
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Table 4 Results (test and p-values)
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Table 6 Results from F-tests (p-val
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(oxy-chlordane, trans-chlordane, ci
Page 111 and 112:
Also Pertoldi et al. (1997) investi
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study could not document a relation
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Lie E, Bernhoft A, Riget FF, Beliko
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function in harbour seals (Phoca vi
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(p=0.94). Negative correlation betw
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Osteodensitometry X-ray osteodensit
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Figure 2 BMD (g cm 2 ) in skulls fr
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Table 3 Significant results from th
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2003) and plasma retinol and thyroi
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Comiso JC. 2002. A rapidly declinin
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Manalagas SC, Jilka RJ. 1995. Bone
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Valentine DW, Soulé M. 1973. Effec
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have the potential for adverse heal
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Dioxin-like contaminants Extraction
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Concentration 9000 8000 7000 6000 5
Page 141 and 142:
Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 143 and 144:
Polischuk, S. C., R. J. Letcher, R.
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Paper IV Liver histology of free-ra
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Histology All tissue samples were t
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Figure 1 Hepatic lipid accumulation
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Figure 2 Left: Portal mononuclear c
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Relationship between histology and
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kinson 1996). Due to these mechanis
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sues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessm
Page 159 and 160:
van Duursen, M.B.M., Sanderson, J.
Page 161 and 162:
Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
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Briefly, ∑PCBs is the sum (s) of
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Figure 1 Bottom: example of glomeru
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Figure 3 Tubular cell proliferation
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Hyalin casts Hyalin casts were eval
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Figure 6 Hyperemia (arrows) in the
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al., 2003). We did not find such a
Page 175 and 176:
ANDERSEN, M., E. LIE, A. E. DEROCHE
Page 177 and 178:
LUROSS, J. M., M. ALAEE, D. B. SERG
Page 179 and 180:
organic mercury in liver and kidney
Page 181 and 182:
Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
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Macroscopic examination of reproduc
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Results and discussion The female p
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SC II PC/LC Figure 2 The histology
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The relatively low levels of analys
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(Table 4), and we therefore conclud
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Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
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Letcher RJ, Klasson-Wehler E, Bergm
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Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timme
Page 199 and 200:
10. Heier, A., C. Sonne, A. Gröne,
Page 201 and 202:
crine organs and skulls in the East
Page 203:
To investigate the relation between
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