Organohalogen concentrations and a gross and histologic ...

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18 Structure of this thesis This thesis is composed of an introduction that covers existing knowledge of organohalogens in relation to biological effects in the polar bear. This is followed by a description of levels, temporal and seasonal trends in organohalogens for 92 of the bears investigated in the present thesis and additional samples from 1990 (Paper I). Secondly, time trend analysis of skull fluctuating asymmetry and bone mineral density, which also deals with relations to individual levels of organohalogens, are reviewed (Paper II, III-a,b). The last part of the thesis describes the histology of liver, kidney, adrenals and reproductive organs in relation to individual levels of organohalogens (Paper IV, V, VI). Finally, over all conclusion, assessments, perspectives and recommendations are proposed. List of publications and manuscripts included in the thesis Paper I: Dietz, R., F. F. Riget, C. Sonne, R. J. Letcher , E. W. Born and D. C. G. Muir (2004): Seasonal and temporal trends in Polychlorinated biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 1990-2001. Sci Total Environ 331: 107-124. Paper II: Sonne, C., F. F. Riget, R. Dietz, M. Kirkegaard, E. W. Born, R. J. Letcher and D. C. G. Muir (Submitted): Trends in fluctuating asymmetry in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from 1892 to 2002 in relation to organohalogen pollution. Sci Total Environ. Paper III-a: Sonne, C., R. Dietz, E. W. Born, F. F. Riget, M. Kirkegaard, L. Hyldstrup, R. J. Letcher and D. C. G. Muir (Accepted with revision): Is bone mineral composition disrupted by organochlorines in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Environ Hlth Persp. Paper III-b: Sonne, C., R. Dietz, E. W. Born, M. Kirkegaard, F. F. Riget, R. J. Letcher and D. C. G. Muir (In prep.): Periodontitis and tooth wear in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during 1892-2002. Paper IV: Sonne, C., R. Dietz, P. S. Leifsson, E. W. Born, M. Kirkegaard, F. F. Riget, R. J. Letcher, D. C. G. Muir and L. Hyldstrup (Submitted): Liver histology of free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. Toxicol Pathol. Paper V: Sonne, C., R. Dietz, P. S. Leifsson, F. F. Riget, E. W. Born, M. Kirkegaard, R. J. Letcher, D. C. G. Muir and L. Hyldstrup (Submitted): Renal lesions in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during 1999-2002. J Wildlife Dis. Paper VI: Sonne, C., P. S. Leifsson, R. Dietz, E. W. Born, R. J. Letcher, M. Kirkegaard, D. C. G. Muir, L. W. Andersen, F. F. Riget and L. Hyldstrup (In press): Enlarged clitoris in wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus) can be misdiagnosed as pseudohermaphroditism. Sci Total Environ.
Abbreviations ∑ Sum of congeners Ah Aryl hydrocarbon BMD Bone Mineral Density CHLs Chlordanes CT Computed Tomography CYP Cytochrome P-450 isozymes DDD Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane DDE Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethylene DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DXA Dual X-ray Absorptiometry FA Fluctuating Asymmetry HCB HexaChloro Benzene HCHs Hexachloro CycloHexanes HPA Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal nPCBs non-ortho, coplanary PCBs OCs OrganoChlorines OHCs OrganoHalogen Compounds (OCs, PBDEs and PFOS) PBDEs PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers PCBs PolyChlorinated Biphenyls PCDDs PolyChlorinated DibenzoDioxin PCDFs PolyChlorinated DibenzoFurans PFOS PerFluoroOctane Sulfonate pQCT peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography 19
Page 1 and 2: National Environmental Research Ins
Page 3 and 4: National Environmental Research Ins
Page 5 and 6: Contents Summary 7 Resumé 11 Prefa
Page 7 and 8: Paper III-b Periodontitis and tooth
Page 9 and 10: Summary Marine mammals in the Arcti
Page 11 and 12: elations between histological chang
Page 13 and 14: Resumé Betydelige mængder svært
Page 15 and 16: signifikante relationer blev fundet
Page 17 and 18: Preface Since ca. 1960 signficant a
Page 19: Acquarone, Poul Johansen and Inge B
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Study area and samplin
Page 25 and 26: content and composition) varying wi
Page 27 and 28: Of the PCBs found in the East Green
Page 29 and 30: son Bay bears while the difference
Page 31 and 32: Individual levels and biological ef
Page 33 and 34: No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
Page 35 and 36: temperature extremes and/or food av
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 Bone mineral density and
Page 39 and 40: BMD analysed by DXA reflects the ar
Page 41 and 42: Table 4 Range in the levels (ng/g l
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 4 Liver histology of East G
Page 45 and 46: Table 7 Levels of ∑-PCBs, ∑-DDT
Page 47 and 48: Frequency (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Sever
Page 49 and 50: Effects of PBBs (PolyBrominated Bip
Page 51 and 52: Etiology and pathogenesis E Figure
Page 53 and 54: common sign (Acland 1995, Feldman 1
Page 55 and 56: Conclusions and final assessments O
Page 57 and 58: of CYP-450 activity that impact cir
Page 59 and 60: Regarding renal tissue, we will try
Page 61 and 62: Bernhoft, A., Ø. Wiig and J. U. Sk
Page 63 and 64: Feldman, E. C. (1995): Hyperadrenoc
Page 65 and 66: (eds.): Ringed seals in the North A
Page 67 and 68: McCormack, K. M., W. M. Kluwe, V. L
Page 69 and 70: Rosing-Asvid, A., E. W. Born and M.
Page 71 and 72:
Valentino, R., S. Savastano, A. P.
Page 73 and 74:
Paper I Seasonal and temporal trend
Page 75 and 76:
eproductive rates of seals in the B
Page 77 and 78:
concentrations of the 41 individual
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1 Capture locations of the p
Page 81 and 82:
Table 4 Results of ANOVAs (F-value
Page 83 and 84:
Long-Term Temporal Changes in OC Co
Page 85 and 86:
Discussion Geographical Variation i
Page 87 and 88:
sen et al. (2001) studied the trend
Page 89 and 90:
higher than reported in other studi
Page 91 and 92:
Bergman A, Olsson M. Pathology of b
Page 93 and 94:
Muir D, Norstrom RJ. Geographical d
Page 95 and 96:
Wiig Ø, Gjertz I, Hansson R, Thoma
Page 97 and 98:
Key words: polar bear, Ursus mariti
Page 99 and 100:
2. Materials and methods 2.1 Sampli
Page 101 and 102:
2.3 Age Determination The age deter
Page 103 and 104:
No. skulls collected 50 45 40 35 30
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4 Results (test and p-values)
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6 Results from F-tests (p-val
Page 109 and 110:
(oxy-chlordane, trans-chlordane, ci
Page 111 and 112:
Also Pertoldi et al. (1997) investi
Page 113 and 114:
study could not document a relation
Page 115 and 116:
Lie E, Bernhoft A, Riget FF, Beliko
Page 117 and 118:
function in harbour seals (Phoca vi
Page 119 and 120:
(p=0.94). Negative correlation betw
Page 121 and 122:
Osteodensitometry X-ray osteodensit
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2 BMD (g cm 2 ) in skulls fr
Page 125 and 126:
Table 3 Significant results from th
Page 127 and 128:
2003) and plasma retinol and thyroi
Page 129 and 130:
Comiso JC. 2002. A rapidly declinin
Page 131 and 132:
Manalagas SC, Jilka RJ. 1995. Bone
Page 133 and 134:
Valentine DW, Soulé M. 1973. Effec
Page 135 and 136:
have the potential for adverse heal
Page 137 and 138:
Dioxin-like contaminants Extraction
Page 139 and 140:
Concentration 9000 8000 7000 6000 5
Page 141 and 142:
Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 143 and 144:
Polischuk, S. C., R. J. Letcher, R.
Page 145 and 146:
Paper IV Liver histology of free-ra
Page 147 and 148:
Histology All tissue samples were t
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 1 Hepatic lipid accumulation
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2 Left: Portal mononuclear c
Page 153 and 154:
Relationship between histology and
Page 155 and 156:
kinson 1996). Due to these mechanis
Page 157 and 158:
sues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessm
Page 159 and 160:
van Duursen, M.B.M., Sanderson, J.
Page 161 and 162:
Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
Page 163 and 164:
Briefly, ∑PCBs is the sum (s) of
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 1 Bottom: example of glomeru
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 3 Tubular cell proliferation
Page 169 and 170:
Hyalin casts Hyalin casts were eval
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 6 Hyperemia (arrows) in the
Page 173 and 174:
al., 2003). We did not find such a
Page 175 and 176:
ANDERSEN, M., E. LIE, A. E. DEROCHE
Page 177 and 178:
LUROSS, J. M., M. ALAEE, D. B. SERG
Page 179 and 180:
organic mercury in liver and kidney
Page 181 and 182:
Introduction Polar bears (Ursus mar
Page 183 and 184:
Macroscopic examination of reproduc
Page 185 and 186:
Results and discussion The female p
Page 187 and 188:
SC II PC/LC Figure 2 The histology
Page 189 and 190:
The relatively low levels of analys
Page 191 and 192:
(Table 4), and we therefore conclud
Page 193 and 194:
Acknowledgements Danish Cooperation
Page 195 and 196:
Letcher RJ, Klasson-Wehler E, Bergm
Page 197 and 198:
Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timme
Page 199 and 200:
10. Heier, A., C. Sonne, A. Gröne,
Page 201 and 202:
crine organs and skulls in the East
Page 203:
To investigate the relation between
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