THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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7.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7.4.1 PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS WITH TIO2/SPI BLEND FILM Preliminary experiments focused on incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with SPI films characterizing any changes during extrusion and subsequent mechanical properties of the films. The compatibility of TiO2 was evident from the formulation stage due to the hydrophilic nature of both SPI and TiO2 leading to uniform blending. Extrusion with same parameters were carried out with ease and resulted with homogenous film with no visual signs of phase separation (Figure 7.1). Figure 7.1: SPI incorporated with TiO2 blend film as it exits the lip die showing a homogenous film formation indicating good compatibility The differing particle sizes of TiO2 obtained from P25 (21 nm) and P90 (14 nm) was apparent through the difference in appearance with various loadings (Figure 7.2). Due to the 92
smaller size of P90, the ability to reflect light was minimized causing the films to be more transparent. At approximately 1% (w/w SPI mass ratio) loading for P90, the visual appearance was similar to a 0.5% w/w TiO2 loading of P25. P25 P90 0.25% 0.5% 1% Figure 7.2: Comparison between P25 and P90 SPI/TiO2 blend films with different loading capacities of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% (TiO2:SPI mass ratio) The mechanical properties of SPI/TiO2 blend films in both MD and TD configurations are summarized in Table 7.1. From Figure 7.3, it can be seen that the addition of TiO2 had either negligible effects on TS or an increase compared to the control SPI films. The most notable increase was seen with the addition of 0.25% TiO2 type P90 yielding a TS of 9.40 ± 0.69 MPa and 7.82 ± 1.09 MPa for MD and TD respectively. This is approximately 2 MPa greater than the control film specimen having a TS of 7.28 ± 0.41 MPa and 5.08 ± 0.76 MPa for both configurations of MD and TD respectively. In contrast, the greatest effect for TiO2 type P25 was 93
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A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
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4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
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Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
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einforcement material. Research int
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via centrifugation into four fracti
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zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
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Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
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onding between hydroxyl groups and
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Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
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through the use of enzymes have pro
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matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
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4) Explore the extraction process f
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4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
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a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
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length at break by the initial grip
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4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
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Further experiments were carried ou
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Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
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extrusion screw to continuously bre
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stopped which fixes the spherical s
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4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
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Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56: 4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110: (21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120: The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122: acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124: Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126: Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128: Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129: Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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