THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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Elongation at break (%) 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 Figure 7.8: Elongation of SPI films blended with cellulose (F), TiO2 (Ti), and cellulose compatibilized with TiO2 (TiF) 43% RH 58% RH 84% RH 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) Young’s modulus of the blend films reveal a decreasing trend with increasing RH as expected (Figure 7.9). For treatment effects, the addition of fiber and TiO2 separately yielded insignificant results. However, optimal concentration of 0.25% w/w TIO2/SPI was still found to be consistent for TiO2 at 84% RH. For TiF samples, a direct positive correlation between concentration and elasticity was not observed. However, the optimal concentration resulting with the greatest average modulus was at 1% w/wSPI consistent with tensile strength results. Further addition of TiO2-coupled fibers beyond 1% may prove to be beneficial. 104 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) F Ti TiF
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Figure 7.9: Modulus of elasticity of SPI films blended with cellulose (F), TiO2 (Ti), and cellulose compatibilized with TiO2 (TiF) 43% RH 58% RH 84% RH 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) These mechanical properties suggest a synergistic effect might be present with the use of TiO2 as a coupling agent for cellulose in SPI film. This may be explained by enhanced cellulose-TiO2 interactions and subsequent decrease in cellulose-cellulose interactions. Previous investigations on the adsorption of TiO2 on cellulose fibers have speculated that van der Waals and electrostatic forces cause TiO2 to be more strongly attracted to the smaller fibrils surrounding beaten cellulose fibers (Siffert and Metzger 1991). The surrounding fibrils in this study were likened to a gel-like coating on the surface of larger cellulose fibers as described by Kibblewhite (1972). The extracted cellulose in the present experiment also exhibited similar gel- like appearance as described. This may provide many opportunities for interaction between cellulose and TiO2 during the rotor/stator homogenization step. In addition, the small dimensions of both fibers and TiO2 increases surface area which could also enhance interactions between them. Past studies also mentioned the use of TiO2-coated cellulose fibers for forming paper 105 0 0.5 1 Concentration (%w/wSPI) F Ti TiF
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A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
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4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
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Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
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einforcement material. Research int
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via centrifugation into four fracti
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zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
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Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
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onding between hydroxyl groups and
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Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
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through the use of enzymes have pro
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matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
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4) Explore the extraction process f
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4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
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a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
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length at break by the initial grip
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4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
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Further experiments were carried ou
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Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
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extrusion screw to continuously bre
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stopped which fixes the spherical s
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4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
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Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
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Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
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4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
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4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
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5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
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For mechanical treatments, the obta
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initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
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Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104: smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110: (21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120: The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122: acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124: Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126: Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128: Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129: Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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