THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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6.4.4 FTIR Analysis FTIR analysis was carried out to elucidate the presence of interactions between cellulose and SPI. Only samples aged at 58% RH were used for comparison. Figure 6.9 shows the overview of the spectra for all specimens including extracted SMF’s and glycerol. Absorbance Figure 6.9: FTIR spectra of SPI/Cellulose blend films and SPI control along with extracted SMF specimen. SMF2.5% SMF1.0% SMF0.5% SMF0.25% SNF0.25 SPI glycerol SMF 3800 3400 3000 2600 Upon initial assessment of the overall FTIR spectra, no obvious differences between cellulose added and SPI control films were exhibited. Since the content of cellulose is below 2.5%, clear identification through the spectra was not expected. It can be seen from Figure 6.9 that the identifying peaks near 1600 cm -1 and 1040 cm -1 from SMF’s can easily be overshadowed by the presence of SPI and glycerol. However, evidence of cellulose interactions 2200 Wavenumber cm -1 maybe elucidated through further analysis of the blend films. 80 1630 1800 1540 1230 1400 1117 1000 1040 600
Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominating areas of interest can be identified. The broad band around 3000 to 3500 cm -1 is associated with free and bound water with O-H and N-H groups (Guerrero and de la Caba 2010; Lodha and Netravali 2005). As discussed previously, increasing RH broadens this region due to the increased hydrogen bonds formed binding water to the films. Glycerol is strongly detected at frequencies of 1040 cm -1 (C-O linkage in C1 and C3 of glycerol), and 1117 cm -1 (stretching of C-O in C2) (Lodha and Netravali 2005). This large presence of glycerol expectedly dwarfs any detectable C-O vibrations found from cellulose (Alemdar and Sain 2008). The main absorption peaks of Amide I, Amide II, and Amide III can be seen at 1630 cm -1 , 1540 cm -1 , and 1230 cm -1 (Lodha and Netravali 2005; Schmidt et al. 2005). These bands are associated with C=O stretching, N-H bending, and C-N stretching respectively. Interaction between cellulose and SPI would affect the protein structure and could be elucidated via these regions. Changes found within the Amide I and Amide II bands have been strongly correlated to the secondary structure due to the absence of interference with other vibrations (Barth 2007). Determining structural changes with the Amide III band is more complicated due to side chain contributions (Barth 2007). However, predictions on secondary structure have been previously made using the Amide III band (Cai and Singh 2004). Figure 6.10, Figure 6.11, and Figure 6.12 further analyzes the Amide I, II, III bands for evidence of structural changes. 81
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A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
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4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
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Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
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einforcement material. Research int
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via centrifugation into four fracti
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zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
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Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
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onding between hydroxyl groups and
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Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
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through the use of enzymes have pro
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matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
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4) Explore the extraction process f
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4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
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a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
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length at break by the initial grip
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4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40: Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44: extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46: stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50: Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56: 4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104: smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110: (21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120: The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122: acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124: Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126: Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128: Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129: Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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