THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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Absorbance SMF SNF Alkaline 2 Acid Raw SF 3800 3400 2920 3000 Figure 5.7: FTIR spectra of fibers obtained after specific steps of the extraction process. 5.4.4 WAXD ANALYSIS 2600 2200 Wavenumber cm -1 Cellulose molecules have hydrogen bonds which are arranged in a patterned configuration resulting in crystalline-like properties. These crystalline regions are embedded amongst amorphous regions that are susceptible to chemical and mechanical treatments. With each successive treatment step, the relative crystalline portion of a given sample size should theoretically become higher. The estimated crystallinity of the fibers have been previously employed to indicate the efficacy of the cellulose extraction process towards nanometer ranges (Alemdar and Sain 2008; Chen et al. 2011; Wang and Sain 2007b). Figure 5.8 shows the WAXD results from the fiber extraction process through successive steps. It can be seen that all fiber samples except for the SNF have similar crystalline patterns exhibiting peaks around 2Ɵ = 16° and 22.6°. These results concur with previously reported data for cellulosic materials where 60 1514 1730 1800 1600 1240 1400 1160 1093 1141 1030 896 1000 1010 957 600
a peak at 22.6° is representative of the cellulose I form (Alemdar and Sain 2008; Chen et al. 2011; Jonoobi et al. 2009; Segal et al. 1959). The incongruity with current trends arises with the crystallinity estimates whereby an opposite trend was observed. Using the method described by Segal et al. (1959), the estimated crystallinity values for raw SF, acid, alkaline 2, and SMF were 38.3%, 18.4%, 18.2%, and 13.5% respectively. Through each successive extraction step, the relative crystallinity decreased. This might indicate that for a given sample size, crystalline regions are converting to amorphous materials through each treatment. Even if amorphous fractions (lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin) were not successfully digested, the relative crystalline to amorphous material should be constant. As such, this decrease suggests the process is converting the crystalline regions to amorphous. Alternatively, it could be that crystalline fractions were washed away through the filtration process. This could be attributed to the SNF fibers released after the acid hydrolysis treatment. The SNF fibers were found to be crystalline due to the sharp peaks seen at 2Ɵ = 21.38, 27.8 and 29.16°. However, these peaks do not correlate to cellulose possibly due to the presence of pectin or hemicelluloses as suggested in the FTIR analysis. In addition, this does not explain the much more noticeable decrease in crystallinity found after mechanical treatment since filtration was not applied. Consequently, crystalline regions within the specific soy fibers obtained may be weak in comparison to the other fibers using a similar extraction process (Alemdar and Sain 2008; Sain and Oksman 2006; Wang and Sain 2007a; Wang and Sain 2007b). The chemi-mechanical process applied could be too harsh which broke down crystalline regions revealing higher concentrations of amorphous material within the samples. Process optimization will need to be tailored for different plant sources so that individualization for crystalline fibers can be maximized. 61
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A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
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4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
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Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
Page 11 and 12:
1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
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einforcement material. Research int
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via centrifugation into four fracti
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zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
Page 19 and 20: Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
Page 21 and 22: onding between hydroxyl groups and
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
Page 25 and 26: through the use of enzymes have pro
Page 27 and 28: matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
Page 29 and 30: 4) Explore the extraction process f
Page 31 and 32: 4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 33 and 34: a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
Page 35 and 36: length at break by the initial grip
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40: Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44: extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46: stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50: Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56: 4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69: process as described. However, it m
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104: smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110: (21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120: The viability of introducing a comp
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acting as a coupling agent for furt
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Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
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Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
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Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129:
Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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