THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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on the die to control cooling and depressurization so that film surface disruptions may be minimized. � Decrease water sensitivity: The main drawback for extruded SPI films is the water sensitivity which negatively affects both mechanical and barrier properties. Incorporation of additives to reduce water sensitivity while maintaining the integrity for a sustainable solution should be explored. Proteins with increased hydrophobic groups such as zein, wheat gluten, etc. may decrease water sensitivity. Additional coatings could chemically bind to the surface of films to improve barrier properties. Part II: Cellulose Extraction from Soy Pods and Stems � Optimize the chemi-mechanical process: Each step in the applied chemi-mechanical process may be further optimized to achieve a higher degree of fiber quality. With smaller diameters and higher crystallinity, fiber properties should theoretically greatly improve. � Explore other fiber extraction methods: The pursuit of cellulose nanofibers is still in its early phase where many research groups have shown multiple combinations of techniques which can obtain nanofibers from a variety of sources. The use of enzymes has shown to be less harsh on the cellulose structure while effectively solubilizing other amorphous plant compounds. Future studies could employ other techniques besides the described chemi- mechanical process which may yield better results. Part III: Development of Soy-Fiber Composite Films � Explore methodological modifications: By solution casting SPI/fiber prior to extrusion, the addition of cellulose fibers may be increased without the complication of aggregate formation. With the aid of solution casting, fibers can be essentially coated with protein 110
acting as a coupling agent for further extrusion with SPI. With the fibers coated, cellulose- cellulose interactions within the extruder may be deterred minimizing aggregate formation. � Increase fiber dispersion by optimizing extrusion parameters: As mentioned, dispersion of fibers may be improved by prolonging residence time under higher temperatures to increase protein chain mobility. With a lower matrix viscosity, fibers are able to readily move deterring the self-interacting behaviour of cellulose. Exploratory Research using TiO2 as a Coupling Agent � Explore optimal loading to size of nanofillers: From the preliminary experiments, a positive correlation between optimum filler loading to particle size was observed. However this trend is unconfirmed with the use of only two particle sizes. Increase understanding of filler-matrix interactions may benefit from studying the optimal loading for maximum tensile strength to the particle size of the nano-filler. � Increase fiber loading with TIO2 coupling: From this study, a synergistic effect between cellulose-TiO2 was observed yielding a positive correlation for fiber addition and tensile strength. However, maximum strength increase was insignificant compared to cellulose addition alone. As such, future studies increasing fiber concentration in the presence of TiO2 will be needed to confirm synergistic effects observed. � Explore other coupling agents: Although the use of TiO2 was suitable as a coupling agent for this study, caution should be exercised with research of nano-sized fillers. Nanoparticles in general have been a topic of concern with many metal oxides shown to have cellular toxicity due to its ability in crossing many biological barriers (Nyström and Fadeel 2012). TiO2 P25 has also been linked to neurotoxicity (Long et al. 2006). Focus of future coupling agents could explore options with confirmed biocompatibility to enhance safety of the research. 111
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A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
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4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
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Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
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einforcement material. Research int
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via centrifugation into four fracti
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zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
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Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
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onding between hydroxyl groups and
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Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
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through the use of enzymes have pro
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matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
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4) Explore the extraction process f
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4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
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a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
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length at break by the initial grip
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4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
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Further experiments were carried ou
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Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
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extrusion screw to continuously bre
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stopped which fixes the spherical s
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4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
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Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
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Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
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4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
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4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
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5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
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For mechanical treatments, the obta
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initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
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compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
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RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
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SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104: smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110: (21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119: The viability of introducing a comp
Page 123 and 124: Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126: Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128: Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129: Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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