THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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The isolation of cellulose nanofibers from soy plants has been previously studied (Alemdar and Sain 2008; Wang and Sain 2007a; Wang and Sain 2007b). Nanofibers from soy hulls have been extracted using acid hydrolysis with cryocrushing yielding fiber diameters from 20 to 120 nm (Alemdar and Sain 2008). Fibers ranging from 50 to 100 nm have been extracted from soybean stock using a combination of acid hydrolysis and homogenization treatments (Wang and Sain 2007a; Wang and Sain 2007b). In this research, similar methods were used to extract cellulose fibers from soy pods and stems. 2.5 BIOCOMPOSITE FILMS Biocomposites have been widely researched due to their enhanced material properties such as higher strength and modulus, improved barrier properties, and improved resistance to thermal decomposition as compared the neat polymers (Eichhorn et al. 2009; Mohanty et al. 2002). Composite structures combine the strength and stiffness of fibers to reinforce dimensional instabilities inherent to the biopolymer matrix alone. The resulting effect is a material with new properties that could be designed for specific applications (Mohanty et al. 2000). These novel materials also bring about economic and environmental benefits by reducing cost, comparable specific strengths, carbon dioxide sequestration, and biodegradability (Mohanty et al. 2002). Studies have used natural fibers such as wood, kenaf, flax, jute, hemp, kapok, bamboo, cotton, ramie, coir, and sisal to reinforce biopolymers at a macro level (Eichhorn et al. 2009; Mohanty et al. 2002). However, nano-scale fiber reinforced biopolymers could improve upon the properties seen in micro-scaled biocomposites (Hubbe et al. 2008). In addition to the improved strength of highly crystalline nanofibers, the larger surface areas also tend to promote greater interaction with the polymer matrix. Cellulose at the nano- scale exposes more –OH groups, which can increase hydrogen bonding within a hydrophilic 16
matrix such as soy protein (Wang et al. 2006). Many studies have investigated into soy related nanocomposites but none of which utilized a protein matrix contained with fillers that are both derived from soy (Chen and Liu 2008; Tummala et al. 2006; Wang and Sain 2007a; Wang et al. 2006). This present project will explore the opportunities for enhancing properties of extruded soy protein films by creating a composite film using regenerated cellulose fibers from soy stems and pods. 17
Page 1 and 2: A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
Page 5 and 6: 4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
Page 13 and 14: einforcement material. Research int
Page 15 and 16: via centrifugation into four fracti
Page 17 and 18: zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
Page 19 and 20: Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
Page 21 and 22: onding between hydroxyl groups and
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
Page 25: through the use of enzymes have pro
Page 29 and 30: 4) Explore the extraction process f
Page 31 and 32: 4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 33 and 34: a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
Page 35 and 36: length at break by the initial grip
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40: Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44: extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46: stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50: Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56: 4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78:
6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80:
increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82:
6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84:
SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86:
Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88:
cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90:
concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92:
Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94:
Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96:
specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98:
crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100:
7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102:
7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104:
smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106:
Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110:
(21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112:
7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114:
Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118:
8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120:
The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122:
acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124:
Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126:
Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128:
Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129:
Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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