THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Elongation at break (%) 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 Machine 0 0.5 1 Concentration (% w/wSPI) Figure 7.5: Elongation at break of TiO2/SPI blend films From these mechanical results, it was found that the addition of TiO 2 type P90 at 0.25% yielded the most ideal mechanical properties with moderate EM, EAB and greatest TS improvements. Of note is that the increase in TS at such low concentrations did not cause an anti-plasticization effect as would be expected by adding a rigid material such as TiO2. This could suggest that the role of TiO2 may be to increase number of bonding sites rather than provide a direct source of load transfer. Under strain, localized stress concentrations increase at particular bonding sites through protein – protein interactions (Termonia 1990). Due to the size of the nanoparticles, the addition of TiO2 may allow for additional bonding opportunities between protein chains via TiO2. In areas between protein chains where interactions are not present, the nano-sized particles may penetrate to provide additional support through electrostatic, hydrogen or O-Ti-O bonds. This allows the TiO2 nanoparticles to act as an additional adhesive to further bond protein chains and spread load concentrations. This might account for why the larger P25 98 Transverse 0 0.5 1 Concentration (% w/wSPI) p25 p90
(21 nm) particle was seen to have a max TS lower than that of the smaller P90 (14 nm). With a larger particle size, the situation of the particle to an ideal bonding site where protein-protein interaction is not present may be more difficult. More importantly, the smaller surface area of the larger particle limits interaction opportunities thereby limiting the number of bonds present. These results elucidate the importance of the size of the nanoparticle. The smaller nanoparticle of P90 at 14 nm clearly yielded better mechanical performance with a lower optimal concentration compared to P25. Further research could investigate the optimization between particle size and concentration of nano fillers. 7.4.2 MICROSCOPY OF TIO2/CELLULOSE/SPI BLEND FILM Light microscopy of SPI film incorporated with cellulose and/or TiO 2 is shown in Figure 7.6. Each row represents a different treatment with each column from left to right representing the increasing concentration of additives. Looking to the SPI/TiO2 blend films in the first row, concentration effects of TiO2 were not apparent. The visible appearance of small particles scattered throughout these films are comparable to the SPI control film seen in Figure 6.4 from Section 6.4.2. Also similar, were the SPI/cellulose blend films where fibers have a large size distribution and with increasing concentration, the density of fibers also increased. The presence of TiO2 also yielded similar results with no significant differences compared to SPI/cellulose blends without TiO2 addition. 99
Page 1 and 2:
A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
Page 5 and 6:
4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
Page 9 and 10:
Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
Page 11 and 12:
1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
Page 13 and 14:
einforcement material. Research int
Page 15 and 16:
via centrifugation into four fracti
Page 17 and 18:
zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
Page 19 and 20:
Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
Page 21 and 22:
onding between hydroxyl groups and
Page 23 and 24:
Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
Page 25 and 26:
through the use of enzymes have pro
Page 27 and 28:
matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
Page 29 and 30:
4) Explore the extraction process f
Page 31 and 32:
4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 33 and 34:
a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
Page 35 and 36:
length at break by the initial grip
Page 37 and 38:
4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40:
Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44:
extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46:
stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48:
4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50:
Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52:
Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54:
4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56:
4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104: smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106: Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 111 and 112: 7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114: Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116: Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118: 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120: The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122: acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124: Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126: Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128: Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129: Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
show all

THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?