THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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and Krochta 1997). Although barrier properties of SPI film are highly sensitivity to water, SPI films would still greatly benefit in applications where the migration of oxygen is an issue. Table 4.6: Oxygen Permeability of extruded SPI films with varying relative humidity. Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 ·m/m²·day·Pa) 1.60E-01 1.40E-01 1.20E-01 1.00E-01 8.00E-02 6.00E-02 4.00E-02 2.00E-02 0.00E+00 RH O2 Permeability Coefficient (%) (cm 3 ·m/m²·day·Pa) 11 7.43E-05 23 6.50E-04 43 2.74E-03 58 8.04E-03 75 3.95E-02 84 1.25E-01 ± 1.38E-05 a ± 6.45E-05 a ± 1.08E-04 a ± 4.58E-04 a,b ± 2.91E-03 b ± 2.01E-02 c *Values with the same letter superscript are not significantly different (N=2, Tukey’s HSD, p-value
4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorbance peaks of SPI could be seen near 1630 cm -1 , 1540 cm -1 , and 1040 cm -1 (Figure 4.14). These peaks are related to Amide I (C=O stretching), Amide II (N–H bending), and Amide III (in phase combination of C–N stretching and N–H bending) respectively (Lodha and Netravali 2005; Schmidt et al. 2005). The Amide I band can be used to elucidate the changes of the secondary structure of the protein. It can be seen that a slight shift to a lower frequency was observed after the extrusion process. Further analysis revealed that raw SPI spectra had two underlying peaks at 1630 and 1635 cm -1 whereas after the extrusion process, only the 1630 cm -1 band was detected. It has been suggested that the absorbance of β-sheet structures averages near 1633 cm -1 (Barth 2007). Furthermore, the parallel and antiparallel configurations may be predicted where antiparallel sheets have a main absorption band near 1630 cm -1 and a weak absorption band near 1685 cm -1 whereas parallel sheets typically have higher wavenumbers in comparison but often with a missing side band (Barth 2007). Although the main absorption was detected near 1630 cm -1 , a side band near 1685 cm -1 was not observed in the spectra before or after extrusion. This may suggest that the SPI primarily consisted of parallel β-sheets. Observing the Amide II band, further information of secondary structure was elucidated. It has been suggested that antiparallel sheets and parallel sheets predominately vibrate in the region between 1510-1530 cm -1 and 1530-1550 cm -1 respectively (Pelton and McLean 2000). The Amide II region of raw SPI showed a prominent band at 1522 cm -1 whereas after extrusion, it was significantly shifted to 1541 cm -1 . This indicates that the extrusion process facilitated the conversion of mixed β configurations to primarily concentrate in parallel β-sheets. Spectral data for pure glycerol was shown to have five distinctive peaks from 800 cm -1 to 1110 cm -1 which correspond to vibrations of C-C and C-O linkages (Lodha and Netravali 2005). The peaks at 850 cm -1 , 925 cm -1 , and 995 cm -1 are due to the vibrations from the C-C backbone 43
Page 1 and 2: A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would
Page 5 and 6: 4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
Page 13 and 14: einforcement material. Research int
Page 15 and 16: via centrifugation into four fracti
Page 17 and 18: zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
Page 19 and 20: Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
Page 21 and 22: onding between hydroxyl groups and
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
Page 25 and 26: through the use of enzymes have pro
Page 27 and 28: matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
Page 29 and 30: 4) Explore the extraction process f
Page 31 and 32: 4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 33 and 34: a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
Page 35 and 36: length at break by the initial grip
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40: Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44: extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46: stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50: Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 55 and 56: 4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58: 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
Page 59 and 60: For mechanical treatments, the obta
Page 61 and 62: initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64: compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
Page 65 and 66: RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
Page 67 and 68: SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
Page 69 and 70: process as described. However, it m
Page 71 and 72: a peak at 22.6° is representative
Page 73 and 74: chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78: 6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80: increased in size. At fiber concent
Page 81 and 82: 6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
Page 83 and 84: SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
Page 85 and 86: Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88: cellulose and SPI. This high interf
Page 89 and 90: concentrations at isolated sites. A
Page 91 and 92: Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94: Further analysis of the Amide II ba
Page 95 and 96: specimens that have been cryo-crush
Page 97 and 98: crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100: 7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102: 7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
Page 103 and 104:
smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106:
Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110:
(21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112:
7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114:
Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118:
8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 119 and 120:
The viability of introducing a comp
Page 121 and 122:
acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124:
Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126:
Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128:
Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129:
Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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