THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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ABSTRACT A STUDY ON THE EXTRUSION OF SOY PROTEIN FILM INCORPORATED WITH SOY- DERIVED CELLULOSE FIBERS Roc Tsz-Pang Chan University of Guelph, 2012 Advisor: Dr. Loong-Tak Lim A biodegradable alternative to synthetic plastics was explored in this study through the extrusion of a soy-based protein/fiber composite film. Two fractions of fibers with different size distributions (nano- to micro-) were isolated from soy pods and stems using a chemi-mechanical method. Fibers through successive treatments were characterized via microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The continuous extrusion of homogenous SPI film (0.08 to 0.3 mm thick) was reported for the first time. Processing window was limited by protein sensitivity to moisture and heat. With the incorporation of extracted fibers, homogenous films were obtained with a concentration below 0.5% w/w fiber/SPI. Increasing fiber content resulted in the formation of aggregates. At the optimal concentration of 0.25% w/w fiber/SPI, films exhibited mild improvements in mechanical performance most noticeable at a high RH (84%). Film properties with and without fiber addition were negatively affected by relative humidity. Titanium dioxide addition suggested mild coupling effects for SPI and fiber. Key words: extrusion, films, composite, protein films, thin films, biodegradable, bioplastic, biocomposite, nanocomposite, soy protein isolate, soy pods, soybean, glycerol, cellulose, cellulose fibers, microfibers, nanofibers, nano-cellulose, microfibrillated, titanium dioxide, nanoparticles, acid hydrolysis, homogenization.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would not have been realized without the immense support and patience of my supervisor, Dr. Loong-Tak Lim. I am so deeply grateful and appreciative of the opportunities, advice and guidance he has so generously offered even extending beyond academic duties. Thank you so much, Sir. I also would like to sincerely thank to my committee members, Dr. Shai Barbut, Dr. Massimo Marcone, and Dr. Amar Mohanty. I am very appreciative for all the valuable advice and support they have continuously given throughout the project. In addition, I must thank Dr. Sandy Smith, for her amazing kindness and expertise in SEM and TEM analysis; Fernanda Svaikauskas, for her immense help with WAXD analysis; and Xin Hu from GFTC, for actively aiding me through fixing the homogenizer. Special thanks to the Hannam Soy Foundation and to the Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) for their essential financial support. Their continued financial backing has expanded many opportunities for this research and I am very grateful. I am also deeply grateful and appreciative for having the friendship and support of my wonderful colleagues: Yucheng Fu, Niya Wang, Xiuju Wang, Khalid Moomand, Suramya Minhindukulasuriya, Grace Wong, Ruyan Dai, and Solmaz Alborzi. I am especially grateful to Ana Cristina Vega Lugo, Alex Jensen, and Edmund Co for helping me through many stressful situations in and out of school. Finally, I would like to express an infinite gratitude to all my friends (thank you Kevin O’Neil for editing), my family, my three mothers at home, and especially my best friend and love, Truc Tran, for their company, patient understanding, unconditional support, and encouragement throughout my life. Thank you everyone. iii
Page 1: A Study on the Extrusion of Soy Pro
Page 5 and 6: 4.3.9 Statistical Analysis.........
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Compariso
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.2: Light optical microscop
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The production of
Page 13 and 14: einforcement material. Research int
Page 15 and 16: via centrifugation into four fracti
Page 17 and 18: zones are synonymous to feeding, tr
Page 19 and 20: Ralston (2008) investigated the ext
Page 21 and 22: onding between hydroxyl groups and
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.2: Summary of cellulose par
Page 25 and 26: through the use of enzymes have pro
Page 27 and 28: matrix such as soy protein (Wang et
Page 29 and 30: 4) Explore the extraction process f
Page 31 and 32: 4.3 METHODS 4.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 33 and 34: a Figure 4.2: a) Schematic of extru
Page 35 and 36: length at break by the initial grip
Page 37 and 38: 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SP
Page 39 and 40: Further experiments were carried ou
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.5: Film with rough texture
Page 43 and 44: extrusion screw to continuously bre
Page 45 and 46: stopped which fixes the spherical s
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechani
Page 49 and 50: Elongation at break (%) Figure 4.10
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.5: Water vapor permeability
Page 53 and 54:
4.4.5 FTIR ANALYSIS The main absorb
Page 55 and 56:
4.4.6 CONCLUSION The extrusion of S
Page 57 and 58:
5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 CELLULOSE EXTRACT
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For mechanical treatments, the obta
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initial soy biomass; SNF and SMF. T
Page 63 and 64:
compiled by Moon et al. (2011), thi
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RSH: 5min HPH: 20 passes, 4000 - 60
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SMF micrographs, the presence of fi
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process as described. However, it m
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a peak at 22.6° is representative
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chemical and mechanical treatment h
Page 75 and 76:
6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATIO
Page 77 and 78:
6.3.3 FILM CONDITIONING Similar to
Page 79 and 80:
increased in size. At fiber concent
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6.4.2 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE Due
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SEM images of the cryo-fractured su
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Table 6.1: Mechanical properties of
Page 87 and 88:
cellulose and SPI. This high interf
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concentrations at isolated sites. A
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Similar to Section 4.4.5, dominatin
Page 93 and 94:
Further analysis of the Amide II ba
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specimens that have been cryo-crush
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crushing. Conversely, this could al
Page 99 and 100:
7.0 EXPLORATORY WORK WITH TIO 2 NAN
Page 101 and 102:
7.3.2 COMPOUNDING AND EXTRUSION Com
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smaller size of P90, the ability to
Page 105 and 106:
Table 7.1: Mechanical Strength of T
Page 107 and 108:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 120 110
Page 109 and 110:
(21 nm) particle was seen to have a
Page 111 and 112:
7.4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2
Page 113 and 114:
Tensile Strenght (MPa) 12 11 10 9 8
Page 115 and 116:
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 200 180
Page 117 and 118:
8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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The viability of introducing a comp
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acting as a coupling agent for furt
Page 123 and 124:
Cherian BM, Leao AL, Souza SFD, Tho
Page 125 and 126:
Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V,
Page 127 and 128:
Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H
Page 129:
Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2008) Prep
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THESIS - ROC CH ... - FINAL - resubmission.pdf - University of Guelph

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