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Download the Speeches of all Hon'ble Chief Justices & Judges in ...

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Hon’ble Mr Justice Tanios El Khoury,President, Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Lebanon at<strong>the</strong> Conference<strong>of</strong> exercis<strong>in</strong>g pressure on <strong>the</strong> governments to carry <strong>the</strong>m to respect <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>man and <strong>of</strong> humank<strong>in</strong>d. If this last is always received under <strong>the</strong> angle <strong>of</strong> positive right, aprostrates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> governed is likely to orientate <strong>in</strong>ternational law to anideal <strong>of</strong> justice <strong>of</strong> solidarity and security organizations. Amnesty International, Greenpeacecan make states tremble. It is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same order <strong>of</strong> ideas one can name judicial <strong>in</strong>itiativeswhere non-state character <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> rights <strong>of</strong> people so <strong>the</strong> court’s rustle on Vietnamcreated <strong>in</strong> 1966 hav<strong>in</strong>g held two sessions <strong>in</strong> Stockholm and Copenhagen and each <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>m gave judgment with an <strong>in</strong>ternational r<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g. O<strong>the</strong>r one court dedicated <strong>in</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong>America made three decisions concern<strong>in</strong>g responsibility <strong>of</strong> government <strong>in</strong> place. We are<strong>the</strong>refore at work what <strong>the</strong>y c<strong>all</strong> transnational phenomena. It rec<strong>all</strong>s exchanges leav<strong>in</strong>gprivate <strong>in</strong>itiative across state border l<strong>in</strong>es. International law is perceived exclusively underpressure <strong>of</strong> facts like a rapport between close entities that are states. There is more.The germs <strong>of</strong> super-national rights are grow<strong>in</strong>g. A part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> power is transferred to <strong>the</strong> super-national organisms.Undoubtedly this phenomenon is restricted but it is worth be<strong>in</strong>g underl<strong>in</strong>ed because it can serve for draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong>future <strong>in</strong> advance. So <strong>in</strong>ternational <strong>all</strong>iance on civil and political rights entered on 23rd March 1971 and ratified by 93 statescreated a Committee <strong>of</strong> Human Rights hav<strong>in</strong>g almost judicial character. Undoubtedly <strong>the</strong>se f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs do not have an obligatoryforce but <strong>the</strong>ir authority shows broadly this narrow textual frame so determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>fr<strong>in</strong>gements can draw appropriateconsequences because it enunciates <strong>the</strong> obligation <strong>of</strong> states which is equivalent to condemnation. The Inter-AmericanCourt Article 63 <strong>of</strong> Convention <strong>of</strong> American Human Rights can grant a monetary <strong>in</strong>demnification to <strong>the</strong> affected party as astopp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Court <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Man <strong>the</strong>y have one obligatory effect. Even if <strong>the</strong>oretic<strong>all</strong>y <strong>the</strong>y are onlydeclarations <strong>the</strong> condemned state will have to draw consequences <strong>of</strong> stopp<strong>in</strong>g by tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>all</strong> measures under <strong>the</strong> watch <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Committee <strong>of</strong> M<strong>in</strong>isters. For to be complete, it is necessary to signal that <strong>the</strong> Court <strong>of</strong> Strasbourg holds <strong>in</strong> its decisionsan em<strong>in</strong>ently normative speech, it c<strong>all</strong>s literary <strong>of</strong> conventions, nor this last is contradicted by different eternal rights. It <strong>of</strong>tenc<strong>all</strong>s <strong>the</strong> notion very open <strong>of</strong> democratic society. Its decisions have a real impact on <strong>the</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> one law that hastouched <strong>the</strong> entire mank<strong>in</strong>d. The creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Crim<strong>in</strong>al Court by <strong>the</strong> Convention <strong>of</strong> Rome represents animportant breakthrough <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitution <strong>of</strong> a new <strong>in</strong>ternational order where not hav<strong>in</strong>g respect for rule hav<strong>in</strong>guniversal and touch<strong>in</strong>g value for <strong>the</strong> humank<strong>in</strong>d. To speak about super-national rights it is also to rec<strong>all</strong> process <strong>of</strong>democratization <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations, ideas which make this way slowly but surely. Certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational authoritiesare nowadays be<strong>in</strong>g elected directly by people such as <strong>the</strong> European Parliament, <strong>the</strong> Advisory Assembly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong>Europe, and <strong>the</strong> Parliament <strong>of</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> America. Though <strong>the</strong>se parliamentary <strong>in</strong>stitutions are devoid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decision <strong>of</strong> enrollmentbut <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> community <strong>of</strong> governed can express itself across <strong>the</strong>m constitutes without doubt a veritable revolution<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations.In conclusion, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational community’s actions <strong>in</strong> <strong>all</strong> its aspects appear positive but <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong> subject to major preoccupationwith peace and security and <strong>of</strong> ecology. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> UNO <strong>the</strong>re have been dozens <strong>of</strong> war which havecaused <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> seven to ten million people without count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> human be<strong>in</strong>gs subjected to torment, fam<strong>in</strong>eand violence. The arms race always exists and <strong>the</strong> arms budgets have been augmented <strong>in</strong>spite <strong>of</strong> modest prohibitionsthrough Nuclear Treaty 1963 and <strong>the</strong> Treaty on Proliferation <strong>of</strong> Nuclear Weapons 1965. Our eco-system is subjected tomore and more vile aggressions. It is <strong>the</strong>refore necessary to go to <strong>the</strong> front. Globalism, or Mondialism as we say <strong>in</strong> French,recommended by some, must necessarily pass across a constituted Confederation <strong>of</strong> <strong>all</strong> <strong>the</strong> States. This resolution if itsucceeds would serve <strong>in</strong> no way <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong> humank<strong>in</strong>d or that <strong>of</strong> people because <strong>the</strong> confederation would be headedby <strong>the</strong> most powerful states. Resolution is elsewhere. It is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> right k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational public. It must besearched <strong>in</strong> <strong>all</strong> directions. It is first necessary to re<strong>in</strong>force actions from this organization <strong>of</strong> governments which is <strong>the</strong> UNO.True, results from <strong>the</strong> resolutions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Assembly can only pass across state where <strong>the</strong> least provided and leastarmed have <strong>the</strong> majority. This can constitute important milestones <strong>in</strong> development <strong>of</strong> a right based exclusively on <strong>the</strong> ideas<strong>of</strong> equality and justice. This will lead to a grow<strong>in</strong>g power <strong>of</strong> universal human conscience thanks to transnational flexescom<strong>in</strong>g from non governmental organs enjoy<strong>in</strong>g a moral prestige accepted univers<strong>all</strong>y. The creation <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>ternationalparliament formed <strong>of</strong> celebrated persons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole world specializ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>all</strong> fields <strong>of</strong> knowledge can be envisaged. Itspresence plays an essential role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> promotion <strong>of</strong> universal human values. The respect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rule <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational law suchas envisioned <strong>in</strong> Article 51 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Constitution <strong>of</strong> India transformed <strong>in</strong>to a true <strong>in</strong>ternal right also contributes an importantstage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sense an <strong>in</strong>ternational norm will be acknowledged to be obligatory and <strong>the</strong>refore executable by <strong>the</strong> judicialauthority <strong>of</strong> every country. All this is go<strong>in</strong>g to converge and <strong>all</strong> that comes toge<strong>the</strong>r always goes up. This moment will slowlybut surely accomplish <strong>the</strong> old prophesy, ‘No one will save <strong>the</strong> one who to cl<strong>in</strong>g to his own wealth has overturned <strong>the</strong> augustaltar <strong>of</strong> justice.’ Thank you.--34--

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