Hon’ble Madam Justice Anita Usacka(Latvia), Judge, International Crim<strong>in</strong>alCourt, The Hague, receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>Conference Mementoconsidered by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational community to be amongst <strong>the</strong> most serious. In particular,<strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>clude a form <strong>of</strong> war crime consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> launch<strong>in</strong>g an attack, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> knowledge thatit will cause long term and severe damage to <strong>the</strong> natural environment. This particularform <strong>of</strong> war crime has been <strong>in</strong>spired by Articles 35 and 55 <strong>of</strong> Additional Protocol I to <strong>the</strong>1949 Geneva Convention. While it is <strong>in</strong>tended to condemn and punish means <strong>of</strong> warfaredirected aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> natural environment, its application is limited to some extent andconditional to a number <strong>of</strong> requirements.In order to apply <strong>the</strong> previously mentioned crime, it must be established that <strong>the</strong> crime <strong>in</strong>question was committed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> an armed attack and as part <strong>of</strong> a large scalecommission or a policy. Moreover, it has to be committed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>ternationalarmed conflict. In order for <strong>the</strong> Court to have jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> this crime, <strong>the</strong> damage caused has to be long-term and severeand it has to be unproportion<strong>all</strong>y high compared to <strong>the</strong> concrete and direct over<strong>all</strong> military advantage anticipated to beachieved by <strong>the</strong> attack.It aught to be mentioned that for <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present legal norm, <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> “natural environment” should beunderstood <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> widest sense to cover <strong>the</strong> biological environment <strong>in</strong> which a population is liv<strong>in</strong>g. It does not consist merely<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> objects <strong>in</strong>dispensable to survival, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas, dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water and livestock, but also <strong>in</strong>cludesforests and o<strong>the</strong>r vegetation, as well as fauna, flora and o<strong>the</strong>r biological or climatic elements.However, bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> limits imposed on <strong>the</strong> punishment <strong>of</strong> war crimes directed aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> natural environment, onemay reflect whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Rome Statute should be amended <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> future <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>all</strong>ow <strong>the</strong> ICC to act on a wider scalewhen it comes to protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> environment from excessive damage caused by armed conflicts and, ultimately, <strong>in</strong> safeguard<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> children’s right to <strong>in</strong>herit a safe and healthy ecology.I would like to stress that accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> International Convention on <strong>the</strong> Rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Child, ratified by 192 countries, States Parties have <strong>the</strong> obligation to fully implement <strong>the</strong>environmental rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> child. I believe that any future amendment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> RomeStatute and any crim<strong>in</strong>al trial proceed<strong>in</strong>gs conducted before <strong>the</strong> ICC should take <strong>in</strong>toconsideration <strong>the</strong> obligations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational community to provide for utmostprotection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural environment for <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> our children and <strong>the</strong>ir future.It is with satisfaction that I note <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational community’s <strong>in</strong>creased awareness <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> need to protect <strong>the</strong> natural environment. There is a grow<strong>in</strong>g consensus regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>natural environment as a basic good belong<strong>in</strong>g to humanity as a whole deserv<strong>in</strong>g utmostprotection. While a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational <strong>in</strong>struments deal with <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>natural environment dur<strong>in</strong>g peace times, International Humanitarian Law <strong>of</strong>fers an effective tool for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>natural environment dur<strong>in</strong>g times <strong>of</strong> war. By means <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stitution like <strong>the</strong> International Crim<strong>in</strong>al Court, <strong>the</strong>se laws can beenforced throughout almost 100 States that have ratified <strong>the</strong> Rome Statute.The work <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ICC, but also its mere existence and its jurisdiction to punish <strong>the</strong> perpetrators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most seriousenvironmental crimes will have a deterrent effect and contribute <strong>in</strong> avoid<strong>in</strong>g excessive destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural environmentdur<strong>in</strong>g armed conflict.Honourable <strong>Judges</strong>, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you very much for your k<strong>in</strong>d attention.Hon’ble Madam Justice Anita Usacka(Latvia), Judge, International Crim<strong>in</strong>alCourt, The Hague, address<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> PressConferenceThe fundamental idea is that mank<strong>in</strong>d is <strong>the</strong> godhead to be worshipped andserved by man and that <strong>the</strong> respect, <strong>the</strong> service, <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> humanbe<strong>in</strong>g and human life are <strong>the</strong> chief duty and <strong>the</strong> chief aim <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> human spirit.—Sri Aurob<strong>in</strong>do--36--
5th International Conference <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chief</strong> <strong>Justices</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> WorldAddress byHon’ble Mr Justice Nestor NiyongaboDeputy <strong>Chief</strong> Justice <strong>of</strong> Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Burundi[English translation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> text <strong>of</strong> speech delivered <strong>in</strong> French]By be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vited by City Montessori School, to <strong>the</strong> 5th International Conference <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chief</strong><strong>Justices</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World we feel highly honoured. We are delighted to announce ourparticipation <strong>in</strong> such highly appreciated forum.We are grateful to CMS and hope our contribution will be fruitful <strong>in</strong> regard to <strong>the</strong><strong>the</strong>me “enforceable <strong>in</strong>ternational law is <strong>the</strong> idea whose time has come”As far as Burundi is concerned, our country is undergo<strong>in</strong>g 10 years <strong>of</strong> civil war and<strong>the</strong>refore children rights are worsen<strong>in</strong>g because <strong>of</strong> ch<strong>all</strong>enges related to <strong>the</strong> weakness <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational law that endanger <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> our children.Hon’ble Mr Justice Nestor Niyongabo,Deputy <strong>Chief</strong> Justice <strong>of</strong> Supreme Court <strong>of</strong>Burundi receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Conference MementoWhereas Burundi have already ratified <strong>the</strong> mostimportant <strong>in</strong>ternational judicial <strong>in</strong>struments such as Convention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> child,<strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Crim<strong>in</strong>al Court(icc), and commitment to safeguard Burundi’schildren are mean<strong>in</strong>gful.Accord<strong>in</strong>g to UNICEF report thousands <strong>of</strong> childrenare victims <strong>of</strong> violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect.That threaten <strong>the</strong>ir well-be<strong>in</strong>g as street kids, orphans<strong>of</strong> war, abandoned children <strong>in</strong> conflict with law,children without primary care givers <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>clude, rape,forced pregnancy, abduction, child soldiers, childrenimprisoned without any special protection measure...The time has come and <strong>the</strong> big ch<strong>all</strong>enge is to end up <strong>the</strong> war, to rehabilitate socialwelfare <strong>in</strong>frastructures, to raise <strong>the</strong> rate <strong>of</strong> children education, to <strong>in</strong>crease poverty<strong>all</strong>eviation, to guarantee <strong>the</strong> juvenile justice and ban <strong>the</strong> recruitment <strong>of</strong> child soldiers soas to build a country fit for <strong>the</strong> children. Thank you and God bless you.Hon’ble Mr Justice Nestor Niyongabo,Deputy <strong>Chief</strong> Justice <strong>of</strong> Supreme Court<strong>of</strong> Burundi address<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ConferenceHon’ble Mr Justice Nestor Niyongabo,Deputy <strong>Chief</strong> Justice <strong>of</strong> Supreme Court<strong>of</strong> Burundi at <strong>the</strong> ConferenceMan must be sacred to man regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>all</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ctions <strong>of</strong> race, creed, colour,nationality, status, political or social advancement. The body <strong>of</strong> a man is to berespected, made immune from violence and outrage, fortified by science aga<strong>in</strong>stdisease and preventable death.— Sri Aurob<strong>in</strong>do--37--