The Internationalization of Corporate R&D

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE R&D8.6.2 Trends and Developments.............................................................. 1998.7 Conclusions and Implications............................................................. 2018.7.1 Conclusions: Main Findings............................................................ 2018.7.2 Implications for Sweden.................................................................. 202References ........................................................................................................ 2049 Japan: Internationalization of Corporate R&DKyoko Nakazato & Bogumil Hausman ................................................... 2079.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 2079.2 Internationalization of Corporate R&D in Japan ................................. 2079.2.1 Basic Concepts............................................................................... 2079.2.2 Japanese R&D Expenditure ........................................................... 2089.2.3 Japanese Corporate R&D in Foreign Countries.............................. 2099.2.4 R&D Activities by Foreign Companies in Japan.............................. 2149.3 Driving Forces and Barriers................................................................ 2179.3.1 Reasons for Internationalization of R&D......................................... 2179.3.2 Competitive Pressure ..................................................................... 2189.3.3 Need for Greater R&D Flexibility..................................................... 2199.3.4 Aging Population and Lack of Skilled Workforce ............................ 2209.3.5 Pressure from Developing Countries .............................................. 2209.3.6 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Outflows....................................... 2219.4 Conclusions........................................................................................ 2229.4.1 Summary of Findings...................................................................... 2229.4.2 Future Trends ................................................................................. 2239.4.3 Implications for Sweden.................................................................. 224References ........................................................................................................ 22510 China: From Shop Floor to Knowledge Factory?Sylvia Schwaag Serger .......................................................................... 22710.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 22710.2 Economic Development and National Innovation System .................. 22910.2.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 22910.2.2 Economic Developments ................................................................ 23010.2.3 China’s Innovation System............................................................. 23110.3 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China ........................................... 23710.3.1 One of the Largest FDI Recipients.................................................. 23710.3.2 FDI a Cornerstone to China’s Economic Policy.............................. 23910.3.3 Strategic Factors Drive Chinese Outward FDI................................ 24110.4 Corporate R&D Activities in China...................................................... 24310.4.1 Number of Foreign R&D Centers is Growing Rapidly ..................... 24310.4.2 Not All Foreign R&D Centers are Operative ................................... 24410.4.3 R&D Centers Concentrated in a Few Cities.................................... 24510.4.4 R&D Centers Also Concentrated in Certain Sectors....................... 24510.4.5 Growing R&D Activities by Swedish Companies in China .............. 24610.4.6 Drivers of Foreign Corporate R&D Activities in China..................... 24710.4.7 Limited R&D Activities by Chinese Companies Abroad .............. 25410.5 Conclusions........................................................................................ 25510.5.1 Main Findings ................................................................................. 25510.5.2 Looking Ahead................................................................................ 25610.5.3 Policy Implications for Sweden ....................................................... 257References ........................................................................................................ 2608