The Internationalization of Corporate R&D

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THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE R&DFigure 4-1 continued.Study of Outward R&D Data Set Main FindingsHakkala & Zimmermann(2005)Swedish-owned manufacturingcompanieswith at least 50 employeesthat export or ownforeign affiliates, 1970–2003.Data sources: SCB,ITPS and IUI• The share of R&D conducted in Sweden bySwedish MNCs has decreased.• R&D expenditures of the largest Swedish MNCsduring the late1990s took place, to large extent,outside of Sweden.• The geographical distribution of R&D expenditurein foreign affiliates has changed. Western Europe’sshare has decreased while that of North Americahas increased.ITPS (2005a)Ekholm & Hakkala (2003)Covering the 20 largestSwedish-owned enterprisegroups between1995–2003Observations: 20 enterprisegroupsData source: ITPSCountry-level datacovering the OECDData sources: WorldBank and OECDNorgren (1995) Observations: 8Swedish multinationalcompaniesFors & Svensson (1994)Swedish manufacturingindustry, 1970–90 Datasource: IUI• R&D investments in Sweden are highly connectedto the large manufacturing MNCs.• Swedish MNCs increased R&D investments bothin Sweden and abroad between 1995 and 2003.• 45 percent of the R&D investments in Sweden in2003 were invested by foreign-owned companies.• The amount of R&D based in Sweden is related toSweden being the home country of many MNCsthat operate in the high-tech sector.• These MNCs are conducting their R&D at home (inSweden), but carrying out a substantial part of theiractual production in the large OECD economies.• R&D facilities that Swedish companies establishedabroad in the 1970s and 1980s were mostlyrelated to adapting products and processes toforeign market demands.• An increased internationalization of corporate R&Doccurred during the 1980s. There occurred a shiftfrom directing foreign R&D solely to the adaptationof products and processes in the 1970s, towardmore long-term and innovative R&D in the foreignaffiliates in the 1980s.When studying the effects of internationalization, researchers often combine the data setsmentioned above with other data sources from SCB, such as financial account data orindividual wage statistics. For example, the ITPS survey can be used to cover a company’sforeign employment statistics or R&D invested abroad, and the financial account data fromSCB can be used to cover the overall performance of companies in Sweden.108
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE R&D4.3 Trends in Swedish Corporate R&DWorld R&D expenditures are geographically concentrated. Between 1996 and 2002,the ten countries with the greatest R&D expenditures accounted for about 88 percent ofthe world’s total corporate R&D. Eight of them were developed countries; only twodeveloping countries, China and the Republic of Korea, were among the top ten,(UNCTAD 2005). Sweden numbered eighth on the list in 2002, having spent 7.3 billiondollars on R&D (see Appendix Figure A-1).In 2004, Sweden had the highest business R&D investment ratio (business R&D asshare of GDP) within the OECD. The existence of a few, large multinational companiesexplains this high investment ratio. The six largest Swedish-owned manufacturingcompanies, in terms of R&D, accounted for almost 40 percent of all R&D expendituresin the business sector in 2003 (ITPS 2005a).Figure 4-2 Swedish R&D expenditure as percent of GDP, 1991–2003.3,53,02,52,01,51,00,50,01991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003Manufacturing sector share of (%) of GDPTotal business sector share of (%) av GDPSource: SCB 2004.Business R&D expenditures in Sweden have increased since the early 1990s, with apeak in 2001. The manufacturing sector accounted for over 80 percent of total expendituresin 2003 (see Figure 4-2).109
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ITPS, Swedish Institute For Growth
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The Swedish Institute for Growth Po
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