The Internationalization of Corporate R&D

More documents

Recommendations

Info

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE R&DSaxenian, A. (2005) “From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communitiesand Regional Upgrading in India and China,” Studies in Comparative InternationalDevelopment, Fall 2005.Shukla, R. (2005) India Science Report: Science Education, Human Resources andPublic Attitude towards Science and Technology, National Council of AppliedEconomic Research. New Delhi.SIBC (2006) Sweden-India Business Council, www.sibc.se, Accessed March 30, 2006.Singh, M. (2005) ABB may shift R&D to India, Rediff.com, September 20, 2005.Singh, S. (2006) “India Bullish on Global Clinical Trial Business opportunity,” Scienceand Marketplace, January 5, 2006, Bangalore.Statistics Sweden (2006) Statistiska Centralbyrån, www.scb.se, Accessed March 30,2006.Swedish Trade Council (2005–2006) Swedish Trade Council, www.swedishtrade.com,Accessed April 16, 2006.The Economic Times (2006) “FDI inflows rise by over 40 percent to US$ 7.5 billion inFY06,” The Economic Times, April 20, 2006.TIFAC (2006) FDI in the R&D Sector, Technology Information, Forecasting & AssessmentCouncil, New Delhi.UNCTAD (2004) World Investment Report, UNCTAD, Geneva and New York.UNESCO (2005) UNESCO Science Report 2005, UNESCO, Paris.Volvo Truck India (2006) Volvo Truck, www.volvo.com/trucks/india-market/en-in,Accessed March 20, 2006.World Bank (2006) World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, D.C.306
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE R&D12 Trends, Challenges and Policy Implicationsfor SwedenMagnus KarlssonIn this final chapter, we (1) summarize the main findings and trends from all thestudies, (2) discuss forward-looking implications for countries, with a particularfocus on Sweden, and (3) suggest five issues for Swedish policymakers to consider.12.1 Summary of Main Findings and TrendsR&D and innovation is still rooted at “home”...When discussing the internationalization of corporate research and development(R&D), it is important to keep in mind that R&D remains the least internationalizedactivity of multinational companies. Our studies show that companies continue tokeep a proportionally larger part of R&D activities close to their home base, whencompared to production and other business activities. For example, U.S. pharmaceuticalcompanies spend a major share of their R&D money in the U.S. (Nilsson) 1and Swedish-controlled multinational companies have a higher R&D intensity athome than at subsidiaries abroad (Löf).The reasons for keeping R&D at “home” include the complex and strategic nature ofinnovation, as well as the embeddedness of R&D activities in the domestic environment.Large multinational companies play a dominant role in the innovation systemsof their home countries. They have invested in that environment and often their technologicaladvantages reflect those of the innovation systems in the home country(Johansson & Lööf). This explains the low mobility and high geographic inertia ofR&D activities by multinational companies.The embeddedness argument is highly relevant for Sweden. Several large technology-intensivemultinational companies have contributed to – and benefited from –strong national innovation systems in the past. Sweden remains one of the mostR&D-intensive countries in the world, with corporate R&D expenditure almost 3percent of GDP in 2003. Companies are dominating the national R&D enterprise,with corporate R&D spending at about 78 percent of total R&D expenditures inSweden 2003 (Karlsson, Löf).1 Citations in this section refer to authors of previous chapters in this report.307
Page 1:
A2006:007The Internationalizationof
Page 4:
ITPS, Swedish Institute For Growth
Page 7 and 8:
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORA
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258: THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORA
Page 307: THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CORPORA
Page 327: The Swedish Institute for Growth Po
show all

The Internationalization of Corporate R&D

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?