The Varieties of Religious Experience - Penn State University

William JamesWe have now seen enough of this cosmic or mystic consciousness,as it comes sporadically. We must next pass to its methodical cultivationas an element of the religious life. Hindus, Buddhists, Mohammedans,and Christians all have cultivated it methodically.In India, training in mystical insight has been known from timeimmemorial under the name of yoga. Yoga means the experimentalunion of the individual with the divine. It is based on perseveringexercise; and the diet, posture, breathing, intellectual concentration,and moral discipline vary slightly in the different systems whichteach it. The yogi, or disciple, who has by these means overcomethe obscurations of his lower nature sufficiently, enters into the conditiontermed samadhi, “and comes face to face with facts which noinstinct or reason can ever know.” He learns—“That the mind itself has a higher state of existence, beyond reason,a superconscious state, and that when the mind gets to thathigher state, then this knowledge beyond reasoning comes… . Allthe different steps in yoga are intended to bring us scientifically tothe superconscious state or Samadhi… . Just as unconscious work isbeneath consciousness, so there is another work which is above consciousness,and which, also, is not accompanied with the feeling ofegoism … . There is no feeling of I, and yet the mind works,desireless, free from restlessness, objectless, bodiless. Then the Truthshines in its full effulgence, and we know ourselves—for Samadhilies potential in us all—for what we truly are, free, immortal, omnipotent,loosed from the finite, and its contrasts of good and evilaltogether, and identical with the Atman or Universal Soul.”243The Vedantists say that one may stumble into superconsciousnesssporadically, without the previous discipline, but it is then impure.Their test of its purity, like our test of religion’s value, is empirical:its fruits must be good for life. When a man comes out of Samadhi,they assure us that he remains “enlightened, a sage, a prophet, asaint, his whole character changed, his life changed, illumined.”[244]243 My quotations are from Vivekananda, Raja Yoga, London, 1896. The completestsource of information on Yoga is the work translated by Vihari Lala Mtra:Yoga Vasishta Maha Ramayana. 4 vols. Calcutta, 1891-99.244 A European witness, after carefully comparing the results of Yoga357