The Varieties of Religious Experience - Penn State University

The Varieties of Religious Experiencefact is that the mystical feeling of enlargement, union, and emancipationhas no specific intellectual content whatever of its own. It iscapable of forming matrimonial alliances with material furnishedby the most diverse philosophies and theologies, provided only theycan find a place in their framework for its peculiar emotional mood.We have no right, therefore, to invoke its prestige as distinctively infavor of any special belief, such as that in absolute idealism, or inthe absolute monistic identity, or in the absolute goodness, of theworld. It is only relatively in favor of all these things—it passes outof common human consciousness in the direction in which they lie.So much for religious mysticism proper. But more remains to betold, for religious mysticism is only one half of mysticism. Theother half has no accumulated traditions except those which thetext-books on insanity supply. Open any one of these, and youwill find abundant cases in which “mystical ideas” are cited as characteristicsymptoms of enfeebled or deluded states of mind. Indelusional insanity, paranoia, as they sometimes call it, we mayhave a diabolical mysticism, a sort of religious mysticism turnedupside down. The same sense of ineffable importance in the smallestevents, the same texts and words coming with new meanings,the same voices and visions and leadings and missions, the samecontrolling by extraneous powers; only this time the emotion ispessimistic: instead of consolations we have desolations; the meaningsare dreadful; and the powers are enemies to life. It is evidentthat from the point of view of their psychological mechanism, theclassic mysticism and these lower mysticisms spring from the samemental level, from that great subliminal or transmarginal regionof which science is beginning to admit the existence, but of whichso little is really known. That region contains every kind of matter:“seraph and snake” abide there side by side. To come fromthence is no infallible credential. What comes must be sifted andtested, and run the gauntlet of confrontation with the total contextof experience, just like what comes from the outer world ofsense. Its value must be ascertained by empirical methods, so longas we are not mystics ourselves.Once more, then, I repeat that non-mystics are under noobligation to acknowledge in mystical states a superior au-380