Verkley et al.<strong>CBS</strong> 179.77; same area, on Nephrolepis sp., Sep. 1977, H.J. Boesew<strong>in</strong>kel, <strong>CBS</strong>H-18211, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 164.78; same area, on leaves and stems of Boroniadenticulata, 5 Apr. 1977, H. J. Boesew<strong>in</strong>kel, <strong>CBS</strong> H-18120, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture isolated,<strong>CBS</strong> 658.77; same area, Albert Park, on leaves of Geum sp., 21 Jan. 2003, G.Verkley V1821, <strong>CBS</strong> H-21233, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 113114. South Africa, GautengProv<strong>in</strong>ce, on leaves of Protea cynaroides, Sep. 1996, L. Viljoen, liv<strong>in</strong>g ex-type cultureof Sep<strong>to</strong>ria protearum STE-U 1470 = <strong>CBS</strong> 778.97; Pilgrims Rest, on Zanthedeschiaaethiopica, 15 July 2011, P.W. Crous, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture CPC 19675.Notes: The description of S. protearum given by Crous et al.(2004) has been emended here us<strong>in</strong>g observations on materialisolated from other hosts than Protea. These fungi are, despitem<strong>in</strong>or differences <strong>in</strong> colony characteristics, genetically very similar,and therefore regarded as conspecific. The name S. protearum isadopted as it is based on well-decribed type material and ex-typecultures. The dist<strong>in</strong>ction with a number of stra<strong>in</strong>s isolated fromCitrus spp., Fragaria sp., Gerbera jamesonii, Gevu<strong>in</strong>a avellana,Hedera helix, Lobelia er<strong>in</strong>us, and Masdevallia sp. is doubtfulbut, based on the morphological differences <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ation witha limited number of polymorphisms on the house-keep<strong>in</strong>g genes,they are treated here as part of Sep<strong>to</strong>ria citri (which clusters <strong>in</strong> theS. protearum complex), which is a <strong>species</strong> complex that needs <strong>to</strong>be further resolved. Material studied and some cultural charactersof <strong>CBS</strong> 113392 are provided below.Additional material of the Sep<strong>to</strong>ria citri complex exam<strong>in</strong>ed: Country and hostunknown, May 1937, L.L. Huiller, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 315.37 (sub Sep<strong>to</strong>ria citri).Argent<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong> leaf spot of Lobelia er<strong>in</strong>us, S. Wolcon s.n., ‘V1466’, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture<strong>CBS</strong> 113392. Italy, Sicilia, on Gerbera jamesonii, Nov. 1961, W. Gerlach, liv<strong>in</strong>gcultures <strong>CBS</strong> 410.61 = BBA 9588 (sub S. gerberae). Netherlands, Paterwolde, <strong>in</strong>glasshouse, <strong>in</strong> leaf spots of Masdevallia sp., Feb. 1998, W. Veenbaas-Rijks (<strong>CBS</strong>H-18124), liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 101013 (sub S. orchidacearum). New Zealand, leafof Gevu<strong>in</strong>a avellana, Nov. 1998, S. Ganev, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 101354; Waitakere,culture isolated from leaf of Fragaria sp., Nov. 1975, H. J.Boesew<strong>in</strong>kel, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture<strong>CBS</strong> 177.77 (sub Sep<strong>to</strong>ria aciculosa). Portugal, Algarve, Monchique, <strong>in</strong> leaf spot onHedera helix, 14 June 1988, H.A. van der Aa 10494, liv<strong>in</strong>g culture <strong>CBS</strong> 566.88 (subS. hederae Desm.).Description <strong>in</strong> vitro (18 ºC, near UV, <strong>CBS</strong> 113392): Colonies 23–26mm diam <strong>in</strong> 2 wk, with an even, glabrous colourless marg<strong>in</strong>; coloniesspread<strong>in</strong>g, immersed mycelium orange, lack<strong>in</strong>g aerial mycelium;reverse bay <strong>to</strong> scarlet. Conidiomata develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> concentric patterns,immersed and on the agar surface, releas<strong>in</strong>g milky white massesof conidial slime. Colonies on MEA 17–23 mm diam <strong>in</strong> 2 wk, withan even colourless marg<strong>in</strong> mostly covered by white aerial hyphae;colonies spread<strong>in</strong>g but develop<strong>in</strong>g cerebriform elevations <strong>in</strong> the centre,immersed mycelium livid v<strong>in</strong>aceous <strong>to</strong> v<strong>in</strong>aceous buff, with diffuse <strong>to</strong>dense, appressed, whitish <strong>to</strong> v<strong>in</strong>aceous buff aerial mycelium.Conidiogenous cells (OA) varied <strong>in</strong> shape, globose, doliiform<strong>to</strong> ampulliform or cyl<strong>in</strong>drical, discrete, rarely <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong> 1-septateconidiophores, holoblastic, proliferat<strong>in</strong>g sympodially, and alsopercurrently with several close and <strong>in</strong>disct<strong>in</strong>ct annellations,hyal<strong>in</strong>e, 4.5–8(–10) × 3–5 µm. Conidia filiform <strong>to</strong> cyl<strong>in</strong>drical,straight <strong>to</strong> flexuous, often weakly curved, attenuated gradually <strong>to</strong> anarrowly rounded <strong>to</strong> somewhat po<strong>in</strong>ted apex, attenuated graduallyor more abruptly <strong>to</strong> a narrowly truncate <strong>to</strong> almost rounded base,contents granular with few m<strong>in</strong>ute oil-droplets <strong>in</strong> the liv<strong>in</strong>g state,(0–)1–3-septate, (12–)15–28 × 1.5–2 µm (liv<strong>in</strong>g); <strong>CBS</strong> 177.77 (OA)17–35.5 × 1–2 µm (liv<strong>in</strong>g).Sep<strong>to</strong>ria putrida Strasser, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 65:180. 1915. Fig. 35F–J.Description <strong>in</strong> planta: Symp<strong>to</strong>ms def<strong>in</strong>ite leaf spots, hologenous orepigenous, scattered or <strong>in</strong> clusters, <strong>in</strong>itially pale yellowish, later grey<strong>to</strong> white, surrounded by a black elevated zone or merely delimitedby leaf ve<strong>in</strong>s. Conidiomata pycnidial, one <strong>to</strong> several <strong>in</strong> each leafspot, scattered, semi-immersed, predom<strong>in</strong>antly epiphyllous, palebrown, lenticular <strong>to</strong> globose, 80–180 µm diam; ostiolum circular,central, <strong>in</strong>itially 25–50 µm wide, later open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> 80 µm diam,lack<strong>in</strong>g dist<strong>in</strong>ctly differentiated cells; conidiomatal wall composedof textura angularis without dist<strong>in</strong>ctly differentiated layers, mostly10–20 µm thick, the outer cells with brown, somewhat thickenedwalls and 4.5–10 µm diam, the <strong>in</strong>ner cells hyal<strong>in</strong>e, th<strong>in</strong>-walled,4–9 µm diam. Conidiogenous cells hyal<strong>in</strong>e, discrete or <strong>in</strong>tegrated<strong>in</strong> short, 1-septate conidiophores, cyl<strong>in</strong>drical, or ampuliform witha mostly relatively short, but sometimes strongly elongated neck(8–10 µm long), hyal<strong>in</strong>e, holoblastic, proliferat<strong>in</strong>g percurrently withdist<strong>in</strong>ct annellations, sometimes also sympodially, 6.5–12(–19.5) ×3.5–5 µm. Conidia cyl<strong>in</strong>drical, usually strongly curved or flexuous,gradually attenuated <strong>to</strong> a rounded apex, gradually attenuated<strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> a broadly truncate base, (0–)3–5-septate, not or <strong>in</strong>dist<strong>in</strong>ctlyconstricted around the septa, hyal<strong>in</strong>e, contents with several smallguttulae and numerous granules <strong>in</strong> each cell <strong>in</strong> the liv<strong>in</strong>g state, oildropletsrarely merged <strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> larger guttules <strong>in</strong> the rehydrated state,(32–)40–70(–85) × 2–2.5(–3.0) µm (rehydrated). Sexual morphunknown.Description <strong>in</strong> vitro: Colonies on OA 5.5–8.5 mm diam <strong>in</strong> 12 d(13–15 mm <strong>in</strong> 3 wk; 50–55 mm <strong>in</strong> 7 wk), with an even, somewhatundulat<strong>in</strong>g, glabrous, colourless marg<strong>in</strong>; colonies plane, immersedmycelium buff <strong>to</strong> primrose, <strong>in</strong> some sec<strong>to</strong>rs also with dark herbagegreen <strong>to</strong> dull green radiat<strong>in</strong>g hyphal stands, after 7 wk mostlydark greenish; pycnidial conidiomata scattered immersed andsuperficial, which are first dark olivaceous, then almost black,glabrous or beset with short hyphal protrusions, 150–450 µm diam,mostly with a s<strong>in</strong>gle ostiolum placed on short papillae, that releasespale whitish or buff conidial slime; aerial mycelium diffuse, woollyfloccose,white <strong>to</strong> grey; reverse dull green <strong>to</strong> olivaceous-black <strong>in</strong>the centre. Colonies on CMA 4–7 mm diam <strong>in</strong> 12 d (11–14 mm<strong>in</strong> 3 wk; 50–55 mm <strong>in</strong> 7 wk), with an even, glabrous, colourlessmarg<strong>in</strong>; immersed mycelium apart from marg<strong>in</strong> olivaceous-black,at the marg<strong>in</strong> with some local production of a coral pigment after 7wk; aerial mycelium higher, diffuse woolly, greyish; reverse darkeras on OA; conidiomata similar as on OA. Colonies on MEA 2.5–5mm diam <strong>in</strong> 12 d (11–13 mm <strong>in</strong> 3 wk; 42–46 mm <strong>in</strong> 7 wk), with aneven <strong>to</strong> ruffled, glabrous, colourless <strong>to</strong> buff marg<strong>in</strong>, which may beirregularly lobate after 7 wk; colonies restricted, pustulate <strong>to</strong> almosthemispherical, immersed mycelium rather dark, aerial myceliumdiffuse, short, felty white, beh<strong>in</strong>d the marg<strong>in</strong> denser and higher;superficial mature conidiomata releas<strong>in</strong>g first milky white, later paleluteous <strong>to</strong> saffron, then salmon conidial slime; reverse olivaceousblack<strong>in</strong> the centre, near the marg<strong>in</strong> honey. Colonies on CHA 5–7mm diam <strong>in</strong> 12 d (8–11 mm <strong>in</strong> 3 wk), with an irregular, ruffled,colourless marg<strong>in</strong>, older colonies dist<strong>in</strong>ctly lobate; the surfacemostly covered by a low, dense <strong>to</strong> diffuse, felty white, later greyaerial mycelium, near the marg<strong>in</strong> pure white felty <strong>to</strong> tufty; further ason MEA; conidial slime abundantly produced, first milky white, latersalmon or saffron; reverse <strong>in</strong> the centre blood colour, dark brick <strong>to</strong>c<strong>in</strong>namon at the marg<strong>in</strong>.Conidia as <strong>in</strong> planta, (0–)3–5(–6)-septate, 40–85(–97) ×2–2.5(–3) µm.Host: Senecio nemorensis.Material exam<strong>in</strong>ed: Austria, Tirol, Ober Inntal, Samnaun Gruppe, Lawenalm, onliv<strong>in</strong>g leaves of Senecio nemorensis subsp. fuchsii, 8 Aug. 2000, G. Verkley 1052a,282
A <strong>new</strong> <strong>approach</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>species</strong> <strong>delimitation</strong> <strong>in</strong> Sep<strong>to</strong>riaFig. 35. A–E. Sep<strong>to</strong>ria senecionis. A–C. Colonies <strong>CBS</strong> 102381 (15 °C, nUV). A. On OA. B. On CHA. C. On MEA. D. Conidia and conidiogenous cells <strong>in</strong> planta (<strong>CBS</strong> H-21219,epitype). E. Conidia <strong>in</strong> planta (<strong>CBS</strong> H-21219). F–J. Sep<strong>to</strong>ria putrida. F, G. Conidia <strong>in</strong> planta (<strong>CBS</strong> H-21174). H. Conidiogenous cells <strong>in</strong> planta (<strong>CBS</strong> H-21174). I. Conidia andconidiogenous cells <strong>in</strong> planta (<strong>CBS</strong> H-21174). J. Ibid., on OA (<strong>CBS</strong> 109088). Scale bars = 10 µm.<strong>CBS</strong> H-21174, liv<strong>in</strong>g cultures <strong>CBS</strong> 109087, 109088.Notes: Sep<strong>to</strong>ria putrida was orig<strong>in</strong>ally described from Senecionemorensis found <strong>in</strong> Austria (Sonntagberg), reportedly withwww.studies<strong>in</strong>mycology.org283