Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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percentage of the total catch if measured by weight. Of the organisms that were caughtincidentally, hermit crabs made up the largest component followed by moray eels and small reeffish.Octopus abundance was also evaluated due to its potential as a prey species for the Hawaiianmonk seal. A total of 83 individuals were captured during the entire 1986–2003 study period,and examination of the data showed no significant decline or increase in their capture rate overtime. Based on the data, the study found that it is unlikely that lobster-trapping activities havelowered octopus abundance to such a degree that monk seal populations would be negativelyimpacted (Moffitt et al. 2005).Overall, Moffitt et al. (2005) concluded that lobster-trapping activities are responsible forchanges in abundance of a few species (target species have declined, and some crab species haveincreased due to competitive replacement) of the benthic community in the NWHI, but do notappear to have resulted in major changes to the ecosystem. Moffitt et al. (2005) also stated thatgear lost in this fishery has not been found to be “ghost fishing” (still catching organisms), andthat although direct damage to the benthic habitat by the traps has not been studied, it is notlikely to be substantial due to the low-relief, hard substrate that characterizes the fishing grounds.Currently, there is little information about bycatch associated with the Heterocarpus fishery andwhat is known comes primarily from research sampling.Protected Species InteractionsSince 1986, there have been no reports of direct interactions between the NWHI lobster fisheryand Hawaiian monk seals. However, in 1986 near Necker Island, one Hawaiian monk seal diedas a result of entanglement with a bridle rope from a lobster trap. Modifications to bridle ropeswere subsequently made and the Council implemented regulations to improve the ability torespond to any future reports of interactions between monk seals and lobster fishing gear (seeChapter 5). Observer reports show no Hawaiian monk seal entanglements or other interactionssince 1987. 14 As described in Chapter 3, at one time it was believed that NWHI lobsters were animportant part of the diet of monk seals. However, an ongoing analysis of fatty acid signatures inNWHI monk seal blubber indicates that lobster and crustaceans in general don’t appear to bevery important to monk seals as there are species of NWHI lobsters in relatively high abundancebut monk seals are not eating them (PIFSC Scientist Charles Littnan in the Honolulu Advertiser,December 1, 2006).There have been no observed or reported interactions between commercial lobster orHeterocarpus fisheries and any other protected species in Federal waters around the HawaiiArchipelago. Based on the limited potential for entanglement with float lines, on the lowlikelihood of protected species encountering a deployed Heterocarpus trap, and on the small trapopenings practically eliminating the likelihood that a seal could get stuck in a trap should one be14 The lobster fishery was observed on a voluntary basis starting in 1997. NMFS scientific data collectors weredispatched on each of the lobster trips during 1997 through 1999.110
encountered, the risk of adverse affects on protected species from entanglement or entrapment infishing gear related to this fishery is discountable.Following consultations under section 7 of the ESA, NMFS has determined that the crustaceanfisheries will not adversely affect any ESA-listed species or critical habitat in the HawaiiArchipelago.This FEP continues the existing federal regulations regarding fishery interactions with protectedspecies.Unlisted Species InteractionsSpecies of marine mammals that are not listed under the ESA but are protected under the MarineMammal Protection Act (MMPA; see Section 8.6) and occur in Federal waters of the HawaiiArchipelago where crustacean fisheries may operate are as follows:Whales• Blainsville beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)• Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni)• Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)• Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus)• False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)• Killer whale (Orcinus orca)• Longman’s beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus)• Melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra)• Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)• Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata)• Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)• Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)Dolphins• Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)• Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)• Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)• Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)• Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis)• Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)• Spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata)• Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)The species listed above may be found in Federal waters around the Hawaii Archipelago andcould interact with Federal crustacean fisheries; however, no reported or observed incidentaltakes of these species have occurred in these fisheries and NMFS has concluded that the HawaiiArchipelago commercial crustacean fisheries will not affect marine mammals in any manner notconsidered or authorized under the Marine Mammal Protection Act.111
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Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Hawa
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successful management of marine eco
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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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8.2.4 Fishery Data Requirements....
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Western Pa
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FRFA: Final Regulatory Flexibility
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DEFINITIONSAdaptive Management: A p
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Fishery: One or more stocks of fish
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Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIA):
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduc
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The EPAP (1999) reached consensus t
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EPAP’s 1999 report to Congress re
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Objective 7: To promote the safety
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Scientific Name English Common Name
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Family Name Scientific Name English
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Scientific Name English Common Name
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as two additional members (fisherme
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1.7.2 Community Groups and Projects
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2. Ke kahea (proper introduction or
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CHAPTER 2: TOPICS IN ECOSYSTEM APPR
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ensuring long-term sustainability b
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ecosystem in order to implement eff
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issues. One alternative would be to
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The community program of the Counci
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denser than the continental portion
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hydrogen sides and a negative charg
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Figure 5: Depth Profile of Ocean Zo
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southern boundary of the Subartic F
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Near the equator, intense solar hea
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The Caroline Islands (~850 square m
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(~436 square miles) and Savai`i (~6
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and include fish, mollusks, crustac
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Figure 10: Benthic EnvironmentSourc
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eefs are often too slow to keep up
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factors, control coral reef communi
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Kauai: Kauai is the oldest and wett
Page 80 and 81: A major portion of the primary prod
Page 82 and 83: parts of banks may be composed of r
Page 84 and 85: size of the reef area surveyed, bas
Page 86 and 87: The families of bottomfish and seam
Page 88 and 89: the mesopelagic community migration
Page 90 and 91: Physical and biological oceanograph
Page 92 and 93: Migratory routes of leatherback tur
Page 94 and 95: seem to have a more carnivorous die
Page 96 and 97: turtles outnumber adults 100:1. The
Page 98 and 99: Humpback whales migrate through wat
Page 100 and 101: The 2004 U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal
Page 102 and 103: Historically, the short-tailed alba
Page 104 and 105: Table 9: Hawaii’s “Export” In
Page 106 and 107: Cost of Living Analysis: Ratio of H
Page 108 and 109: annual fishery ex-vessel revenues o
Page 110 and 111: State catch reports reporting their
Page 112 and 113: 1200(1000 lbs)100080060040020001986
Page 114 and 115: sources have been used to assess by
Page 116 and 117: Protected Species InteractionsThe 1
Page 118 and 119: • Killer whale (Orcinus orca)•
Page 120 and 121: levels for all fisheries, and a pro
Page 122 and 123: annually) to meet the FMP’s overf
Page 124: 4.2.4 Bottomfish MSYA 2009 report b
Page 128 and 129: is not recorded by NMFS, dockside r
Page 132 and 133: 4.3.3 Status of Crustaceans Fishery
Page 134 and 135: maneuverable tools to harvest indiv
Page 136 and 137: • Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides
Page 138 and 139: MSYs for the Makapuu Established Be
Page 140 and 141: 3. A moratorium on gold coral harve
Page 142 and 143: 2,000,000$2,500,0001,800,0001,600,0
Page 144 and 145: estrictions for sale or for capture
Page 146 and 147: Seine nets are actively deployed ar
Page 148 and 149: 4.5.3 Status of Coral Reef Fisherie
Page 150 and 151: commercial harvests of the “red f
Page 152 and 153: commercial catches and to count the
Page 154 and 155: The National Standard Guidelines fo
Page 156 and 157: Source: Restrepo et al. 1998In Figu
Page 158 and 159: from having fallen below MSST. In t
Page 160 and 161: vessel that landed at least 6,000lb
Page 162 and 163: By June 30 of each year, a Council-
Page 164 and 165: In addition to the thresholds MFMT
Page 166 and 167: The best information available is u
Page 168 and 169: More recently, PIFSC published a st
Page 170 and 171: The fishery management area for the
Page 172 and 173: Hawaii. In addition, the holder of
Page 174 and 175: 5.4.6 Closed SeasonsLobster fishing
Page 176 and 177: was related to the lobster fishery,
Page 178 and 179: ecommendation of Restrepo et al. (1
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Figure 22: Combination of Control R
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cm) from the top surface of the liv
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Table 25: Estimates of MSY of Preci
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5.6.2 NotificationAny special permi
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Clearly, any given species that is
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Weke CPUE120100Pounds per record806
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1948-1952 aggregate 1995-1999 aggre
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CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFICATION AND DESCR
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eviewing and refining EFH designati
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The eggs and larvae of all BMUS are
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juvenile and adult spiny lobster is
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Instead, the Council designated the
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Table 30: Occurrence of Currently H
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Table 31: Summary of EFH Designatio
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Species Assemblage/Complex EFH (Egg
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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The relatively long pelagic larval
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BottomfishandSeamountGroundfishSpec
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Table 35: Coral Reef Ecosystem HAPC
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necessary at this time. However, th
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Table 36: Threats to Coral Reefs in
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• Biological availability of toxi
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9. The best land management practic
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maximum extent possible. Sampling d
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Coral Reef Ecosystem Species• The
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SubsistencerepresentativesEcosystem
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island society. Rapid changes in th
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The Council is serving as a role mo
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CHAPTER 8: CONSISTENCY WITH APPLICA
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Table 38: Bycatch Reporting Methodo
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The measures in this FEP are consis
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MUSEFH(Juveniles and Adults)EFH(Egg
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The management and conservation mea
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deterrence provisions set forth in
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conservation measures to proceed. I
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CHAPTER 9: STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER F
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when on June 15, 2006, President Ge
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CHAPTER 10: PROPOSED REGULATIONSIn
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Symp. on Sea Turtle Biology and Con
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Cliffton K., D. Cornejo, R., and Fe
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Druffel, E. R. M., Griffin, S., Wit
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Pacific. In K. Bjorndal, ed. Biolog
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Hodge, R. and B. Wing. 2000. Occurr
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Khang S.E. and R.Grigg. 2005. Impac
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turtle species known to date. FAO s
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NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Ser
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Resources of the South Pacific: Inf
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Reina, R .D., P. A. Mayor, J. R. Sp
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Smith, S.V. 1978. Coral-reef area a
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Wakeford, R. 2005. Personal Communi
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Wilson, R.R., and R.S. Kaufman. 198
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Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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