Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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Seine nets are actively deployed around schools of fish, as opposed to gillnets, which—like fishtraps—are a passive gear. Beach seines, as the name implies, are set in an arc from the beach.Both wings are drawn together on the beach and hauled to concentrate the fish in the head of thenet, from where they can be bucketed ashore. Seine nets can also be used for drive-in-net, ormuro-ami, fishing. A barrier net is set in the lagoon or on a reef, and fish are driven with scarelines into the apex of the net, which is then closed to catch the fish. The amount of bycatch fromthis type of fishing depends on whether people are largely urbanized and used to eating a narrowrange of reef fish or whether they mainly rely on fishing for subsistence and eat a broader rangeof fish. Barrier nest are also used in combination with scoop nets to harvest aquarium fish innearshore waters.Surround seines can also be set on open schools in a lagoon in the same manner as a beach seine.This fishing method is employed in Hawaii to catch schools of big-eye scad or akule, which arelocated by spotting from light aircraft. This method of fishing is extremely selective; discardresults when not all the captured school is kept and excess fish are released. In such cases, therelease of fish is commendable because they are not wasted as dead bycatch.The State of Hawaii regulates the use of seine nets with the same regulations as are in place forgillnets.Lastly, cast or throw nets are also common in parts of the Pacific, where fishermen want to makemodest catches, usually of small nearshore schooling reef species. These catches are takenmainly for subsistence, and fishermen will select and stalk on foot schools of fish such assurgeonfish, herrings, rabbitfish, and mullets in the hope of obtaining a catch (Dalzell et al.1996). As with spearfishing, there is a high degree of selectivity in the target catch, so bycatch isnegligible.Protected Species InteractionsThere have been no reported or observed interactions between protected species and coral reeffisheries in Federal waters around the Hawaii Archipelago. There is some potential forinteractions between monk seals and sea turtles and the coral reef fishery in waters around theHawaii Archipelago. For example, two monk seal deaths occurred in State waters, after Statelaws were violoated, due to entanglement in gill nets during 2006-2007 19 . It is surmised thatthese mortalities were a result of gillnets being left unchecked for extended periods of time suchas overnight. Under this FEP allowable gear types in Federal waters include: (1) hand harvest;(2) spear; (3) slurp gun; (4) hand/dip net; (5) hoop net for Kona crab; (6) throw net; (7) barriernet; (8) surround/purse net that is attended at all times; (9) hook-and-line (powered andunpowered handlines, rod and reel, and trolling); (10) crab and fish traps; and (11) remoteoperating vehicles/submersibles. These allowable gear types are not left unattended whichgreatly minimizes the potential for any lethal interactions. In addition, some anecdotalinformation exists indicating that some monk seal hookings may have occurred in near shorecoral reef fisheries.19 http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jun/07/br/br4325609817.html126
Following consultations under section 7 of the ESA, NMFS has determined that the coral reeffisheries will not adversely affect any ESA-listed species or critical habitat in the HawaiiArchipelagoThis FEP continues the existing federal regulations regarding fishery interactions with protectedspecies.Unlisted Species InteractionsSpecies of marine mammals that are not listed under the ESA but are protected under the MarineMammal Protection Act (MMPA; see Section 8.6) and occur in Federal waters of the HawaiiArchipelago where coral reef fisheries may operate are as follows:Whales• Blainsville beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)• Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni)• Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)• Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus)• False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)• Killer whale (Orcinus orca)• Longman’s beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus)• Melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra)• Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)• Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata)• Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)• Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)Dolphins• Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)• Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)• Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)• Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)• Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis)• Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)• Spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata)• Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)The species listed above may be found in Federal waters around the Hawaii Archipelago andcould interact with Federal coral reef fisheries; however, no reported or observed incidental takesof these species have occurred in these fisheries. There could be some impact on marinemammals from routine fishing vessel operations (e.g., behavioral or physiological reactions tonoise, collisions, or releases of pollutants); however such impacts would be extremely rare andtherefore constitute a low-level risk to marine mammals. NMFS has concluded that the HawaiiArchipelago commercial coral reef fisheries will not affect marine mammals in any manner notconsidered or authorized under the Marine Mammal Protection Act.127
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Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Hawa
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successful management of marine eco
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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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8.2.4 Fishery Data Requirements....
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Western Pa
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FRFA: Final Regulatory Flexibility
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DEFINITIONSAdaptive Management: A p
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Fishery: One or more stocks of fish
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Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIA):
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduc
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The EPAP (1999) reached consensus t
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EPAP’s 1999 report to Congress re
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Objective 7: To promote the safety
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Scientific Name English Common Name
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Family Name Scientific Name English
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Scientific Name English Common Name
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as two additional members (fisherme
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1.7.2 Community Groups and Projects
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2. Ke kahea (proper introduction or
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CHAPTER 2: TOPICS IN ECOSYSTEM APPR
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ensuring long-term sustainability b
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ecosystem in order to implement eff
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issues. One alternative would be to
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The community program of the Counci
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denser than the continental portion
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hydrogen sides and a negative charg
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Figure 5: Depth Profile of Ocean Zo
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southern boundary of the Subartic F
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Near the equator, intense solar hea
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The Caroline Islands (~850 square m
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(~436 square miles) and Savai`i (~6
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and include fish, mollusks, crustac
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Figure 10: Benthic EnvironmentSourc
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eefs are often too slow to keep up
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factors, control coral reef communi
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Kauai: Kauai is the oldest and wett
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A major portion of the primary prod
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parts of banks may be composed of r
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size of the reef area surveyed, bas
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The families of bottomfish and seam
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the mesopelagic community migration
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Physical and biological oceanograph
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Migratory routes of leatherback tur
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seem to have a more carnivorous die
Page 96 and 97: turtles outnumber adults 100:1. The
Page 98 and 99: Humpback whales migrate through wat
Page 100 and 101: The 2004 U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal
Page 102 and 103: Historically, the short-tailed alba
Page 104 and 105: Table 9: Hawaii’s “Export” In
Page 106 and 107: Cost of Living Analysis: Ratio of H
Page 108 and 109: annual fishery ex-vessel revenues o
Page 110 and 111: State catch reports reporting their
Page 112 and 113: 1200(1000 lbs)100080060040020001986
Page 114 and 115: sources have been used to assess by
Page 116 and 117: Protected Species InteractionsThe 1
Page 118 and 119: • Killer whale (Orcinus orca)•
Page 120 and 121: levels for all fisheries, and a pro
Page 122 and 123: annually) to meet the FMP’s overf
Page 124: 4.2.4 Bottomfish MSYA 2009 report b
Page 128 and 129: is not recorded by NMFS, dockside r
Page 130 and 131: percentage of the total catch if me
Page 132 and 133: 4.3.3 Status of Crustaceans Fishery
Page 134 and 135: maneuverable tools to harvest indiv
Page 136 and 137: • Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides
Page 138 and 139: MSYs for the Makapuu Established Be
Page 140 and 141: 3. A moratorium on gold coral harve
Page 142 and 143: 2,000,000$2,500,0001,800,0001,600,0
Page 144 and 145: estrictions for sale or for capture
Page 148 and 149: 4.5.3 Status of Coral Reef Fisherie
Page 150 and 151: commercial harvests of the “red f
Page 152 and 153: commercial catches and to count the
Page 154 and 155: The National Standard Guidelines fo
Page 156 and 157: Source: Restrepo et al. 1998In Figu
Page 158 and 159: from having fallen below MSST. In t
Page 160 and 161: vessel that landed at least 6,000lb
Page 162 and 163: By June 30 of each year, a Council-
Page 164 and 165: In addition to the thresholds MFMT
Page 166 and 167: The best information available is u
Page 168 and 169: More recently, PIFSC published a st
Page 170 and 171: The fishery management area for the
Page 172 and 173: Hawaii. In addition, the holder of
Page 174 and 175: 5.4.6 Closed SeasonsLobster fishing
Page 176 and 177: was related to the lobster fishery,
Page 178 and 179: ecommendation of Restrepo et al. (1
Page 180 and 181: Figure 22: Combination of Control R
Page 182 and 183: cm) from the top surface of the liv
Page 184 and 185: Table 25: Estimates of MSY of Preci
Page 186 and 187: 5.6.2 NotificationAny special permi
Page 188 and 189: Clearly, any given species that is
Page 190 and 191: Weke CPUE120100Pounds per record806
Page 192 and 193: 1948-1952 aggregate 1995-1999 aggre
Page 194 and 195: CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFICATION AND DESCR
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eviewing and refining EFH designati
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The eggs and larvae of all BMUS are
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juvenile and adult spiny lobster is
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Instead, the Council designated the
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Table 30: Occurrence of Currently H
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Table 31: Summary of EFH Designatio
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Species Assemblage/Complex EFH (Egg
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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The relatively long pelagic larval
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BottomfishandSeamountGroundfishSpec
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Table 35: Coral Reef Ecosystem HAPC
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necessary at this time. However, th
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Table 36: Threats to Coral Reefs in
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• Biological availability of toxi
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9. The best land management practic
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maximum extent possible. Sampling d
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Coral Reef Ecosystem Species• The
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SubsistencerepresentativesEcosystem
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island society. Rapid changes in th
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The Council is serving as a role mo
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CHAPTER 8: CONSISTENCY WITH APPLICA
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Table 38: Bycatch Reporting Methodo
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The measures in this FEP are consis
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MUSEFH(Juveniles and Adults)EFH(Egg
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The management and conservation mea
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deterrence provisions set forth in
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conservation measures to proceed. I
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CHAPTER 9: STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER F
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when on June 15, 2006, President Ge
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CHAPTER 10: PROPOSED REGULATIONSIn
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Symp. on Sea Turtle Biology and Con
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Cliffton K., D. Cornejo, R., and Fe
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Druffel, E. R. M., Griffin, S., Wit
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Pacific. In K. Bjorndal, ed. Biolog
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Hodge, R. and B. Wing. 2000. Occurr
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Khang S.E. and R.Grigg. 2005. Impac
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turtle species known to date. FAO s
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NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Ser
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Resources of the South Pacific: Inf
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Reina, R .D., P. A. Mayor, J. R. Sp
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Smith, S.V. 1978. Coral-reef area a
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Wakeford, R. 2005. Personal Communi
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Wilson, R.R., and R.S. Kaufman. 198
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