Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

Table 36: Threats to Coral Reefs in the Hawaii ArchipelagoSources: Clark and Gulko 1999; Grigg 2002; Jokiel et al. 1999; Maragos et al. 1996Activity MHI NWHICoastal constructionDestructive fishingFloodingIndustrial pollutionOveruse/over harvestingNutrient loading (sewage/eutrophication)Poaching/depletion of rare speciesSoil erosion/sedimentationVessel groundings/oil spillsMilitary activity x xHazardous wasteTourist impactsUrbanizationThermal pollutionMarine debris x xIntroduced species6.5.1 Habitat Conservation and Enhancement RecommendationsAccording to NMFS guidelines, Councils must describe ways to avoid, minimize, or compensatefor the adverse effects to EFH and promote the conservation and enhancement of EFH.Generally, non-water dependent actions that may have adverse impacts should not be located inEFH. Activities that may result in significant adverse effects on EFH should be avoided whereless environmentally harmful alternatives are available. If there are no alternatives, the impactsof these actions should be minimized. Environmentally sound engineering and managementpractices should be employed for all actions that may adversely affect EFH. Disposal or spillageof any material (dredge material, sludge, industrial waste, or other potentially harmful materials)that would destroy or degrade EFH should be avoided. If avoidance or minimization is notpossible, or will not adequately protect EFH, compensatory mitigation to conserve and enhanceEFH should be recommended. FEPs may recommend proactive measures to conserve or enhanceEFH. When developing proactive measures, Councils may develop a priority ranking of thexxxxxxxxxxx206