Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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The community program of the Council is the application of Council assets to community assetsto produce community-based projects that strengthen the community’s ability to conserve andmanage their marine resources.2.10.2 Community DevelopmentIn recent years, attention has been given to the potential impact of growth and development oncommunities. In general, growth has been viewed as healthy and desirable for communitiesbecause it leads to additional jobs; increased economic opportunities; a broader tax base;increased access to public services and the enhancement of cultural amenities. Growth is alsoaccompanied by changes in social structure, increased fiscal expenditures for necessary publicservices and infrastructure, increased traffic, increased and changed utilization and consumptionof local natural resources and loss of open space and unique cultural attributes. Developmentdecisions are often made without a sufficient understanding of the consequences of thosedecisions on overall community well-being. Changes induced by growth in a community are notalways positive. Fishery ecosystem planning requires the participation of communities. Careful,planned decision-making is necessary for ensuring that growth and development is consistentwith the long-range goals of the community.34
CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT3.1 IntroductionChapter 3 describes the environment and resources included within the Hawaii Archipelago FEP.For more information, please see the Council’s FMP, FMP amendments and associated annualreports. Additional information is available 2 in a 2008 environmental assessment for theCrustaceans FMP (WPRFMC 2008a), a 2001 Final EIS for the Coral Reef Ecosystems FMP(WPRFMC 2001a), 2007 and 2008 environmental assessments for the Precious Corals FMP(WPRFMC 2007b, WPRFMC 2008b), a 2005 Final EIS to the Bottomfish FMP (WPRFMC2005b), and a 2007 Final Supplemental EIS to the Bottomfish FMP (WPRFMC 2007a) whichare incorporated here by reference. Although this FEP will not manage the Western PacificRegion’s pelagic resources, successful ecosystem-based management requires consideration ofinteractions between the pelagic and demersal environments at an ecosystem level, and thus bothare discussed here. Similarly, although this FEP will apply only to Federal waters around theHawaii Archipelago, the environment and resources of nearshore (i.e., State of Hawaii) watersare also discussed so as to provide an overview of the area’s entire demersal ecosystem.3.2 Physical EnvironmentThe following discussion presents a broad summary of the physical environment of the PacificOcean. The dynamics of the Pacific Ocean’s physical environment have direct and indirecteffects on the occurrence and distribution of life in marine ecosystems.3.2.1 The Pacific OceanThe Pacific Ocean is world’s largest body of water. Named by Ferdinand Magellan as MarePacificum (Latin for “peaceful sea”), the Pacific Ocean covers more than one third of Earth’ssurface (~64 million square miles). From north to south, it’s more than 9,000 miles long; fromeast to west, the Pacific Ocean is nearly 12,000 miles wide (on the Equator). The Pacific Oceancontains several large seas along its western margin including the South China Sea, Celebes Sea,Coral Sea, and Tasman Sea.3.2.2 Geology and TopographyPacific islands have been formed by geologic processes associated with plate tectonics,volcanism, and reef accretion. The theory of plate tectonics provides that Earth’s outer shell, the“lithosphere”, is constructed of more than a dozen large solid “plates” that migrate across theplanet surface over time and interact at their edges. The plates sit above a solid rocky mantle thatis hot, and capable of flow. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of Earth’s lithospheric plates. Theseare made of various kinds of rock with different densities and can be thought of as pieces of agiant jigsaw puzzle–where the movement of one plate affects the position of others. Generally,the oceanic portion of plates is composed of basalt enriched with iron and magnesium which is2 Available from the Council at www.wpcouncil.org or at 1164 Bishop St. Ste 1400, Honolulu, HI 96813.35
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Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Hawa
Page 4 and 5: successful management of marine eco
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 10 and 11: 8.2.4 Fishery Data Requirements....
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Western Pa
Page 14 and 15: FRFA: Final Regulatory Flexibility
Page 16 and 17: DEFINITIONSAdaptive Management: A p
Page 18 and 19: Fishery: One or more stocks of fish
Page 20 and 21: Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIA):
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduc
Page 24 and 25: The EPAP (1999) reached consensus t
Page 26 and 27: EPAP’s 1999 report to Congress re
Page 28 and 29: Objective 7: To promote the safety
Page 30 and 31: Scientific Name English Common Name
Page 32 and 33: Family Name Scientific Name English
Page 38 and 39: Scientific Name English Common Name
Page 40 and 41: as two additional members (fisherme
Page 42 and 43: 1.7.2 Community Groups and Projects
Page 44 and 45: 2. Ke kahea (proper introduction or
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 2: TOPICS IN ECOSYSTEM APPR
Page 48 and 49: ensuring long-term sustainability b
Page 50 and 51: ecosystem in order to implement eff
Page 52 and 53: issues. One alternative would be to
Page 56 and 57: denser than the continental portion
Page 58 and 59: hydrogen sides and a negative charg
Page 60 and 61: Figure 5: Depth Profile of Ocean Zo
Page 62 and 63: southern boundary of the Subartic F
Page 64 and 65: Near the equator, intense solar hea
Page 66 and 67: The Caroline Islands (~850 square m
Page 68 and 69: (~436 square miles) and Savai`i (~6
Page 70 and 71: and include fish, mollusks, crustac
Page 72 and 73: Figure 10: Benthic EnvironmentSourc
Page 74 and 75: eefs are often too slow to keep up
Page 76 and 77: factors, control coral reef communi
Page 78 and 79: Kauai: Kauai is the oldest and wett
Page 80 and 81: A major portion of the primary prod
Page 82 and 83: parts of banks may be composed of r
Page 84 and 85: size of the reef area surveyed, bas
Page 86 and 87: The families of bottomfish and seam
Page 88 and 89: the mesopelagic community migration
Page 90 and 91: Physical and biological oceanograph
Page 92 and 93: Migratory routes of leatherback tur
Page 94 and 95: seem to have a more carnivorous die
Page 96 and 97: turtles outnumber adults 100:1. The
Page 98 and 99: Humpback whales migrate through wat
Page 100 and 101: The 2004 U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal
Page 102 and 103: Historically, the short-tailed alba
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Table 9: Hawaii’s “Export” In
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Cost of Living Analysis: Ratio of H
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annual fishery ex-vessel revenues o
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State catch reports reporting their
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1200(1000 lbs)100080060040020001986
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sources have been used to assess by
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Protected Species InteractionsThe 1
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• Killer whale (Orcinus orca)•
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levels for all fisheries, and a pro
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annually) to meet the FMP’s overf
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4.2.4 Bottomfish MSYA 2009 report b
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is not recorded by NMFS, dockside r
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percentage of the total catch if me
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4.3.3 Status of Crustaceans Fishery
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maneuverable tools to harvest indiv
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• Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides
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MSYs for the Makapuu Established Be
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3. A moratorium on gold coral harve
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2,000,000$2,500,0001,800,0001,600,0
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estrictions for sale or for capture
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Seine nets are actively deployed ar
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4.5.3 Status of Coral Reef Fisherie
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commercial harvests of the “red f
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commercial catches and to count the
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The National Standard Guidelines fo
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Source: Restrepo et al. 1998In Figu
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from having fallen below MSST. In t
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vessel that landed at least 6,000lb
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By June 30 of each year, a Council-
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In addition to the thresholds MFMT
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The best information available is u
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More recently, PIFSC published a st
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The fishery management area for the
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Hawaii. In addition, the holder of
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5.4.6 Closed SeasonsLobster fishing
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was related to the lobster fishery,
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ecommendation of Restrepo et al. (1
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Figure 22: Combination of Control R
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cm) from the top surface of the liv
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Table 25: Estimates of MSY of Preci
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5.6.2 NotificationAny special permi
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Clearly, any given species that is
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Weke CPUE120100Pounds per record806
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1948-1952 aggregate 1995-1999 aggre
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CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFICATION AND DESCR
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eviewing and refining EFH designati
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The eggs and larvae of all BMUS are
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juvenile and adult spiny lobster is
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Instead, the Council designated the
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Table 30: Occurrence of Currently H
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Table 31: Summary of EFH Designatio
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Species Assemblage/Complex EFH (Egg
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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The relatively long pelagic larval
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BottomfishandSeamountGroundfishSpec
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Table 35: Coral Reef Ecosystem HAPC
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necessary at this time. However, th
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Table 36: Threats to Coral Reefs in
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• Biological availability of toxi
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9. The best land management practic
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maximum extent possible. Sampling d
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Coral Reef Ecosystem Species• The
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SubsistencerepresentativesEcosystem
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island society. Rapid changes in th
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The Council is serving as a role mo
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CHAPTER 8: CONSISTENCY WITH APPLICA
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Table 38: Bycatch Reporting Methodo
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The measures in this FEP are consis
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MUSEFH(Juveniles and Adults)EFH(Egg
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The management and conservation mea
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deterrence provisions set forth in
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conservation measures to proceed. I
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CHAPTER 9: STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER F
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when on June 15, 2006, President Ge
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CHAPTER 10: PROPOSED REGULATIONSIn
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Symp. on Sea Turtle Biology and Con
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Cliffton K., D. Cornejo, R., and Fe
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Druffel, E. R. M., Griffin, S., Wit
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Pacific. In K. Bjorndal, ed. Biolog
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Hodge, R. and B. Wing. 2000. Occurr
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Khang S.E. and R.Grigg. 2005. Impac
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turtle species known to date. FAO s
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NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Ser
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Resources of the South Pacific: Inf
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Reina, R .D., P. A. Mayor, J. R. Sp
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Smith, S.V. 1978. Coral-reef area a
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Wakeford, R. 2005. Personal Communi
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Wilson, R.R., and R.S. Kaufman. 198
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Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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