Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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issues. One alternative would be to centralize virtually all domestic marine managementauthority within one agency; however, this would fail to utilize the local expertise andexperience contained in existing agencies and offices, and would likely lead to poor decisionmaking and increased social and political conflict.2.10 Community-based ManagementCommunities are created when people live or work together long enough to generate localsocieties. Community members associate to meet common needs and express common interests,and relationships built over many generations lead to common cultural values andunderstandings through which people relate to each other and to their environment. At this point,collective action may be taken to protect local resources if they appear threatened, scarce, orsubject to overexploitation. This is one example of community-based resource management.As ecosystem principles shift the focus of fishery management from species to places, increasedparticipation from the primary stakeholders (i.e., community members) can enhance marinemanagement by (a) incorporating local knowledge regarding specific locations and ecosystemconditions; (b) encouraging the participation of stakeholders in the management process, whichhas been shown to lead to improved data collection and compliance; and (c) improvingrelationships between communities and often centralized government agencies (Dyer andMcGoodwin 1994).Top-down management tends to center on policy positions that polarize different interest groupsand prevent consensus (Yaffee 1999). In contrast, “place”—a distinct locality imbued withmeaning—has value and identity for all partners and can serve to organize collaborativepartnerships. Despite often diverse backgrounds and frequently opposing perspectives, partnersare inspired to take collective on-the-ground actions organized around their connections andaffiliations with a particular place (Cheng et al. 2003).In August 2004, President Bush issued Executive Order 13352 to promote partnerships betweenfederal agencies and states, local governments, tribes, and individuals that will facilitatecooperative conservation and appropriate inclusion of local participation in federal decisionmaking regarding the Nation’s natural resources. Similarly, the U.S. Ocean Action Plan (2004)found that “local involvement by those closest to the resource and their communities is critical toensuring successful, effective, and long-lasting conservation results.”Successful resource management will need to incorporate the perspectives of both local andnational stakeholder groups in a transparent process that explicitly addresses issues of values,fairness, and identity (Hampshire et al. 2004). Given their long histories of sustainable use ofmarine resources, indigenous residents of the Western Pacific Region have not universallyembraced increasingly prohibitive management necessitated by the modern influx of foreigncolonizers and immigrants. In addition, some recent campaigns by non-governmentalorganizations representing often far-off groups vigorously opposed to virtually all use of marineresources have increased what many see as the separation of local residents from the naturalenvironment that surrounds them. As humans are increasingly removed and alienated from thenatural environment, feelings of local ownership and stewardship are likely to decline, and32
subsequent management and enforcement actions will become increasingly difficult (Hampshireet al. 2004). This is especially relevant in the Western Pacific Region, which comprises acollection of remote and far-flung island areas, most of which have poorly funded monitoringand enforcement capabilities.2.10.1 Community ParticipationThe Council’s community program developed out of the need for an indigenous program toaddress barriers to the participation of indigenous communities in fisheries managed by theCouncil. An objective of the indigenous program is to arrive at a point of collaboration,reconciliation and consensus between the native indigenous community and the larger immigrantcommunities in CNMI, Guam and Hawaii. The community in American Samoa is 80- 90 percentnative but the objective is the same—to arrive at a point of collaboration, reconciliation andconsensus with the larger U.S..The Council’s community program is consistent with the need for the development of FisheryEcosystem Plans. Fishery Ecosystem Plans are place-based fishery management plans that allowthe Council to incorporate ecosystem principles into fishery management. Human communitiesare important elements for consideration in ecosystem-based resource management plans.Resources are managed for people, communities. NOAA has recognized that communities arepart of the ecosystem.Any community-based initiative is about empowering the community. The Council’s efforts todevelop Fishery Ecosystem Plans are focused on community collaboration, participation andpartnership. The efforts result in the development of strong community projects such ascommunity-led data collection and monitoring programs and revitalization of traditional andcultural fishing practices. Finding and partnering with communities and organizations is timeconsumingand resource depleting. Outreach to communities in the form of presentations andparticipation in school and community activities and other fora is ongoing to find projects thatthe Council can support.Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) is a way for communities to gain control ofand manage their resources in ways that allow them to harvest and cultivate products in asustainable manner. CBRM is based on the principle of empowering people to manage thenatural and material resources that are critical to their community and regional success. This FEPincreases the community’s capacity and expertise in natural resource management, and providesviable alternatives to uncontrolled resource depletion.Because of the Council’s role in fishery conservation and management, many resources andskills are available within the Council. These assets form the base for the application of AssetBased Community Development (ABCD) – Community assets connected to organization assetsproduce strong community-based projects.Community assets include, but are not limited to, cultural knowledge, resource areas, habitats,sites, organizations, schools, individuals, families, community diversity and all of the attributesthat bring value to and define a community.33
Page 1: Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Hawa
Page 4 and 5: successful management of marine eco
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 10 and 11: 8.2.4 Fishery Data Requirements....
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Western Pa
Page 14 and 15: FRFA: Final Regulatory Flexibility
Page 16 and 17: DEFINITIONSAdaptive Management: A p
Page 18 and 19: Fishery: One or more stocks of fish
Page 20 and 21: Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIA):
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduc
Page 24 and 25: The EPAP (1999) reached consensus t
Page 26 and 27: EPAP’s 1999 report to Congress re
Page 28 and 29: Objective 7: To promote the safety
Page 30 and 31: Scientific Name English Common Name
Page 32 and 33: Family Name Scientific Name English
Page 38 and 39: Scientific Name English Common Name
Page 40 and 41: as two additional members (fisherme
Page 42 and 43: 1.7.2 Community Groups and Projects
Page 44 and 45: 2. Ke kahea (proper introduction or
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 2: TOPICS IN ECOSYSTEM APPR
Page 48 and 49: ensuring long-term sustainability b
Page 50 and 51: ecosystem in order to implement eff
Page 54 and 55: The community program of the Counci
Page 56 and 57: denser than the continental portion
Page 58 and 59: hydrogen sides and a negative charg
Page 60 and 61: Figure 5: Depth Profile of Ocean Zo
Page 62 and 63: southern boundary of the Subartic F
Page 64 and 65: Near the equator, intense solar hea
Page 66 and 67: The Caroline Islands (~850 square m
Page 68 and 69: (~436 square miles) and Savai`i (~6
Page 70 and 71: and include fish, mollusks, crustac
Page 72 and 73: Figure 10: Benthic EnvironmentSourc
Page 74 and 75: eefs are often too slow to keep up
Page 76 and 77: factors, control coral reef communi
Page 78 and 79: Kauai: Kauai is the oldest and wett
Page 80 and 81: A major portion of the primary prod
Page 82 and 83: parts of banks may be composed of r
Page 84 and 85: size of the reef area surveyed, bas
Page 86 and 87: The families of bottomfish and seam
Page 88 and 89: the mesopelagic community migration
Page 90 and 91: Physical and biological oceanograph
Page 92 and 93: Migratory routes of leatherback tur
Page 94 and 95: seem to have a more carnivorous die
Page 96 and 97: turtles outnumber adults 100:1. The
Page 98 and 99: Humpback whales migrate through wat
Page 100 and 101: The 2004 U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal
Page 102 and 103:
Historically, the short-tailed alba
Page 104 and 105:
Table 9: Hawaii’s “Export” In
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Cost of Living Analysis: Ratio of H
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annual fishery ex-vessel revenues o
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State catch reports reporting their
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1200(1000 lbs)100080060040020001986
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sources have been used to assess by
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Protected Species InteractionsThe 1
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• Killer whale (Orcinus orca)•
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levels for all fisheries, and a pro
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annually) to meet the FMP’s overf
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4.2.4 Bottomfish MSYA 2009 report b
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is not recorded by NMFS, dockside r
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percentage of the total catch if me
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4.3.3 Status of Crustaceans Fishery
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maneuverable tools to harvest indiv
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• Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides
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MSYs for the Makapuu Established Be
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3. A moratorium on gold coral harve
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2,000,000$2,500,0001,800,0001,600,0
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estrictions for sale or for capture
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Seine nets are actively deployed ar
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4.5.3 Status of Coral Reef Fisherie
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commercial harvests of the “red f
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commercial catches and to count the
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The National Standard Guidelines fo
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Source: Restrepo et al. 1998In Figu
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from having fallen below MSST. In t
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vessel that landed at least 6,000lb
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By June 30 of each year, a Council-
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In addition to the thresholds MFMT
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The best information available is u
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More recently, PIFSC published a st
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The fishery management area for the
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Hawaii. In addition, the holder of
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5.4.6 Closed SeasonsLobster fishing
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was related to the lobster fishery,
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ecommendation of Restrepo et al. (1
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Figure 22: Combination of Control R
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cm) from the top surface of the liv
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Table 25: Estimates of MSY of Preci
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5.6.2 NotificationAny special permi
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Clearly, any given species that is
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Weke CPUE120100Pounds per record806
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1948-1952 aggregate 1995-1999 aggre
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CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFICATION AND DESCR
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eviewing and refining EFH designati
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The eggs and larvae of all BMUS are
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juvenile and adult spiny lobster is
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Instead, the Council designated the
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Species Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz
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Table 30: Occurrence of Currently H
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Table 31: Summary of EFH Designatio
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Species Assemblage/Complex EFH (Egg
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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MUS/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr DS
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The relatively long pelagic larval
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BottomfishandSeamountGroundfishSpec
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Table 35: Coral Reef Ecosystem HAPC
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necessary at this time. However, th
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Table 36: Threats to Coral Reefs in
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• Biological availability of toxi
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9. The best land management practic
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maximum extent possible. Sampling d
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Coral Reef Ecosystem Species• The
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SubsistencerepresentativesEcosystem
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island society. Rapid changes in th
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The Council is serving as a role mo
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CHAPTER 8: CONSISTENCY WITH APPLICA
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Table 38: Bycatch Reporting Methodo
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The measures in this FEP are consis
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MUSEFH(Juveniles and Adults)EFH(Egg
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The management and conservation mea
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deterrence provisions set forth in
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conservation measures to proceed. I
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CHAPTER 9: STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER F
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when on June 15, 2006, President Ge
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CHAPTER 10: PROPOSED REGULATIONSIn
Page 262 and 263:
Symp. on Sea Turtle Biology and Con
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Cliffton K., D. Cornejo, R., and Fe
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Druffel, E. R. M., Griffin, S., Wit
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Pacific. In K. Bjorndal, ed. Biolog
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Hodge, R. and B. Wing. 2000. Occurr
Page 272 and 273:
Khang S.E. and R.Grigg. 2005. Impac
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turtle species known to date. FAO s
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NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Ser
Page 278 and 279:
Resources of the South Pacific: Inf
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Reina, R .D., P. A. Mayor, J. R. Sp
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Smith, S.V. 1978. Coral-reef area a
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Wakeford, R. 2005. Personal Communi
Page 286:
Wilson, R.R., and R.S. Kaufman. 198
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Hawaii FEP - Western Pacific Fishery Council

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