National Norms and Standards relating to Environmental Health

APPENDIX 2A list of water-related diseases most common in the Southern African regionWaterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are most commonlytransmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing,drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected.Protozoal infectionsDisease andTransmissionAmoebic dysentery(hand-to-mouth)Cryptosporidiosis (oral)CyclosporiasisGiardiasis (fecal-oral)(hand-to-mouth)Parasitic infectionsSchistosomiasis(immersion)TaeniasisHymenolepiasis (DwarfTapeworm Infection)AscariasisMicrobial AgentProtozoan (Entamoebahistolytica) (Cyst-likeappearance)Protozoan(Cryptosporidiumparvum)Protozoan parasite(Cyclosporacayetanensis)Protozoan (Giardialamblia) Most commonintestinal parasiteMembers of the genusSchistosomaTapeworms of thegenus TaeniaHymenolepis nanaAscaris lumbricoidesSources of Agent inWater SupplySewage, non-treateddrinking water, flies inwater supply.Collects on water filtersand membranes thatcannot be disinfected,animal manure,seasonal runoff ofwater.Sewage, non-treateddrinking waterUntreated water, poordisinfection, pipebreaks, leaks,groundwatercontamination,campgrounds wherehumans and wildlife usesame source of water.Beavers and muskratscreate ponds that act asreservoirs for Giardia.Fresh watercontaminated withcertain types of snailsthat carry schistosomesDrinking watercontaminated with eggsDrinking watercontaminated with eggsDrinking watercontaminated with feces(usually canid)containing eggsGeneral SymptomsAbdominal discomfort,fatigue, weight loss,diarrhea, bloating, feverFlu-like symptoms,watery diarrhea, loss ofappetite, substantialloss of weight, bloating,increased gas, nauseacramps, nausea,vomiting, muscle aches,fever, and fatigueDiarrhea, abdominaldiscomfort, bloating,and flatulenceRash or itchy skin.Fever, chills, cough andmuscle achesIntestinal disturbances,neurologicmanifestations, loss ofweight, cysticercosisAbdominal pain, severeweight loss, itchingaround the anus,nervous manifestationMostly, disease isasymptomatic oraccompanied byinflammation, fever, anddiarrhea. Severe casesinvolve Löffler'ssyndrome in lungs,nausea, vomiting,malnutrition, andunderdevelopment.DOH. Norms and standards for environmental health in South Africa Feb 2013 144