COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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Economic Performance the commissioning of the Chhukha Hydel Plan, with an output of 336 MW, increasing electricity production from 3.5 MW in 1981/82 to 341.6 MW in 1987/88. During the 1980s the manufacturing, mining, transport and communications all showed average growth rates of well over 10% p.a., due to the combined effects of starting from a very low base and increased investment. In the manufacturing sector, the establishment of large cement and calcium carbide plants accounted for a large proportion of the increase in output. 2.9 Agriculture at 5% p.a. was one of the slower growing sectors. Even a 5% growth rate is rapid by most standards, and would allow a considerable improvement in average agricultural incomes despite the growth of the rural population. While these estimates are based on limited data, it has been assumed that the growth in the agricultural sector was the result of both increases in area planted and in productivity. The relatively slow growth of the forestry sector, was the consequence of RGOB policy restricting the level of logging to prevent unsustainable utilisation of the forest resource. This policy resulted in a decline in commercial logging in the early 1980s, when responsibility for logging was handed over to the Bhutan Logging Corporation ( a public sector enterprise). Output increased from this sector increased in the mid 1980s, but mainly because of the need to fell trees infested with bark beetle disease. Structure of GDP in 1989Structure of GDP in 1989 2.10 The difference in the growth rates of the various sectors resulted in a change in the contribution of each sector to GDP over the decade, see Table 2.1. The share of agriculture and forestry shrank by about 10% to 45% of GDP, almost exactly offset by the growth in electricity from a negligible share to about 11%. The share of manufacturing, from a very small base, almost doubled, to 6%. The share of government services was steady at around 10%. While the power and manufacturing sectors expanded during the 1980s the majority of the population remained dependent on the agricultural sector for incomes and employment at the end of the 6FYP: seven out of eight adults were engaged in agriculture according to a 1984 survey. Despite the growth of the industrial sector, its overall contribution to GDP and employment remained small. Food processing, cement, wood products and alcoholic beverages accounted for most industrial production and due to limited domestic demand, much of the production was exported to India. One of the most important events in the industrial sector was the privatisation programme, initiated by the Royal Government in recognition of the fact that resources are likely to be used more efficiently when competitive markets operate than under the direction of bureaucrats. Thus a vigorous programme of privatisation was begun in the 6FYP, as explained in Chapter 6. 2.11 Rapid economic growth was based on high levels of capital formation, averaging between one third and two fifths of GDP throughout the decade. The construction peak in 1983-85 was influenced by the construction of the Chhukha Hydel Project. Largely because of the commissioning of this project, the growth of GDP increased dramatically in 1987/88 and while GDP continued to increase in 1988/89 the increase from the previous year was not as dramatic. (see 2 ). Without the impetus of high growth in the energy sector, overall economic growth in 1990 and 1991 probably did not exceed 3.5% p.a. 4
Figure 2.2 Economic Performance IV. Government Expenditure and Revenues during the 6FYPIV. Government Expenditure and Revenues during the 6FYP Allocation of ExpendituresAllocation of Expenditures 2.12 The sectoral allocation of expenditure reflected the priority accorded to the productive sectors, in comparison to the social service sector. (a) Agriculture received the largest share of the budget at 18%. (b) Power and Trade and Industries received the second and third largest shares at 13.1% and 13.3% respectively. (c) The Social Services sectors received considerably smaller shares, with education allocated 8.1% and health 4.2%. However the funds allocated to the Industrial and Power sectors include major investments in the completion of the Chhukha Hydel Project and a large cement plant. 2.13 Table 2.3 compares 6FYP planned allocation of expenditures with what actually happened during the Plan's first three years and was budgeted for 1990/91 and 1991/92. (The table combines capital and current expenditures.) In general, the sectoral allocation of expenditures corresponded quite well to what was envisaged in 6FYP. The shares of education and health were somewhat higher than anticipated (15.2% vs. 12.6%) and expenditure on other community services accounted for another 4% of the total. The higher share of social services was offset by smaller than anticipated shares for most economic services, especially the power and business/industrial sectors. 5
Page 1 and 2: COUNTRY BACKGROUND I. Physical Char
Page 3 and 4: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Minerals The exa
Page 5 and 6: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Bhutan is the le
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRY BACKGROUND personnel polici
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONO
Page 11: 2: Gross Domestic Product 1980 —
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.4 Government Expenditures 1
Page 17 and 18: Table 2.5 Summary of RGOB Budgetary
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2.5 Economic Performance 2.2
Page 21 and 22: Economic Performance of Infant Mort
Page 23 and 24: Approach to Development · sustaina
Page 25 and 26: Approach to Development 3.19 The fo
Page 27 and 28: Environment and Sustainable Develop
Page 29 and 30: Environment and Sustainable Develop
Page 31 and 32: Women's Involvement in Development
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 6 PRIVATISATION AND PUBLIC
Page 35 and 36: unacceptably high inequalities of i
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC OUTLOOKECONOMIC
Page 39 and 40: Economic Outlook 7.9 This section e
Page 41 and 42: Table 7.2 Seventh Plan Outlay and S
Page 43 and 44: Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Capital Expen
Page 45 and 46: Economic Outlook economic sector wi
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Page 49 and 50: Financing GapFinancing Gap Table 7.
Page 51 and 52: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
Page 53 and 54: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Strategy
Page 55 and 56: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
Page 57 and 58: Fiscal and Monetary Policy TABLE 8.
Page 59 and 60: I. IntroductionI. Introduction CHAP
Page 61 and 62: Aid Policy 9.9 Sectoral Allocation
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Aid Policy 9.20 Sector Ministries,
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Aid Policy Aid and the Private Sect
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Culture and Religion Dratshangs and
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Culture and Religion and documented
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Culture and Religion V. Financial a
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Education Table 11.1 Educational In
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Education Higher EducationHigher Ed
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Education 11.24 In 1986, the enrolm
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Education Table 11.3 Enrolment Targ
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Education particularly of the natio
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Education writing and numeracy and
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CHAPTER 12 Human Resource Developme
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of Bhutan + Corporation Planning Co
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Joint and Public Sector IndustriesJ
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Table 12.5 Sectoral Training Funded
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Human Resource Development IV. Manp
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CHAPTER 13 HEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SE
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Table 13.2 Health Institutions July
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A. Objectives and Strategies in the
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Table 13.5 Goals for Children and W
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Health Services IV. Health Sector P
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Mother and Child Health (MCH)Mother
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TOTALS FOR Health 1992/93 1993/94 1
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Human Settlements Chhukha. Certifie
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Human Settlements Lack of Skilled M
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Human Settlements only a fraction -
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Human Settlements awareness of the
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CHAPTER 15 TRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPOR
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Table 15.2 Passenger Carriage by Dr
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Civil AviationCivil Aviation Transp
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Transport Sector 15.25 In the 7FYP,
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Transport Sector target for formati
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Transport Sector 11
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CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS SECTORCOM
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Table 16.1 Telephone Facilities 199
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A. Objectives for the 7FYPA. Object
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Communications Sector Dzongkhags -D
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TOTALS FOR Department of Post, Tele
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources earning
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.27 T
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources coopera
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Renewable Natural Resources Institu
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.67 A
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Renewable Natural Resources Wildlif
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Renewable Natural Resources TOTALS
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Chapter 18 MANUFACTURING AND TRADEM
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18.8 (see Chapter 19 on Mineral Dev
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Input supplyInput supply Manufactur
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Manufacturing and Trade Polythene P
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Manufacturing and Trade Formulation
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Manufacturing and Trade V. Financia
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Mineral Development Coal mining and
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Mineral Development Table 19.2 Esti
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Mineral Development be purchased: 3
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CHAPTER 20 ENERGY SECTORENERGY SECT
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Exports and ImportsExports and Impo
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Energy Sector 20.21 Most of the rur
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shortages. Energy Sector 20.34 Alte
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Energy Sector items will include pu
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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