COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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Economic Performance 12 electricity sales. (c) The momentum of Government expenditure growth continued, leading towards budget deficits. (d) The financing of the government deficit by borrowing from the RMA led to an increase in domestic demand, which quickly leaked into imports and started a rapid decline in Bhutan's reserves of rupees, as explained above. 2.28 Recognising the problem, and the need for macroeconomic stabilisation, the Government adopted a very restrictive budget for 1991/92. In planning for RGOB expenditures in the 7FYP, it has been necessary to take into account the factors described above. These are discussed in more detail in Chapter 7, Economic Outlook. VI. Human Development IndicatorsVI. Human Development Indicators Table 2.6 Human Development Indicators INDICATORS MOST RECENT DATA IN 1991 Life Expectancy at Birth 48.9 years in 1990 Maternal Mortality 7.7 per 1,000 live births Infant Mortality 142 per 1,000 live births Under Five Mortality 195 per 1,000 live births Child Malnutrition 50% of Children Under 5 severely or moderately underweight Immunisation 84% of all Children in 1990 Access to Safe Water 40% of Households Provision of Sanitation 60% 0f Households (large proportion unhygienic) Access to Health Services 90% of Population <strong>Gross</strong> Primary School Enrolment 66.9% of all children in 1990 Adult Literacy 30% Adult Males 10% Adult Females Proportion of RGOB Budget Health Education 6FYP 5.0% 10.9% 2.29 While Bhutan was able to achieve impressive rates of GDP growth during the 1980s, with per capita GDP at about $370 in 1991, the Government recognises that <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product is too narrow a measure of development. Improvements in the population's social welfare as measured by access to education, health and other social services are considered equally with increases in GDP. These key basic indicators of welfare ("Human Development Indicators" in UN terminology) are easily measured through comparison of health and education statistics, although the lack of data makes the interpretation of health and education data difficult. Other considerations also affect the quality of people's lives such as the preservation of social structures, including family life and religious institutions. However these considerations are less easy to quantify. The fact that incomes are equitably distributed amongst the population, means that economic growth has achieved a wider spread of benefits. 2.30 Since the implementation of the First Five Year Development Plan, there have been substantial improvements in health and education services provided by the Royal Government. This has meant that 90% of the population had access to basic health facilities and the gross primary school enrolment rate reached nearly 70% by 1991. However, some of the HDI indicators remain particularly poor, as shown in Table 2.6 above. 2.31 These indicators show the low levels of safe water and sanitation facilities which account for the high levels
Economic Performance of Infant Mortality, while the constraints highlighted in Chapter 1: mountainous terrain, scattered settlements and lack of trained personnel, make the provision of social services to the whole population difficult. 2.32 Improving the quality of life for the whole population is one of the central objectives of the Royal Government's development approach as explained in Chapter 3. The Royal Government will set specific targets for some Human Development Indicators for the Seventh Five Year Plan period. Efforts will also be made to obtain reliable baseline data and establish monitoring systems in the relevant sectors. Sectoral chapters (especially those on Health, Education and Human Settlements) contain specific goals for improving Human Development Indicators, while the Chapter on Culture and Religion describes the strategy for preserving Bhutan's cultural and religious heritage. 13
Page 1 and 2: COUNTRY BACKGROUND I. Physical Char
Page 3 and 4: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Minerals The exa
Page 5 and 6: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Bhutan is the le
Page 7 and 8: COUNTRY BACKGROUND personnel polici
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONO
Page 11 and 12: 2: Gross Domestic Product 1980 —
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.2 Economic Performance IV.
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.4 Government Expenditures 1
Page 17 and 18: Table 2.5 Summary of RGOB Budgetary
Page 19: Figure 2.5 Economic Performance 2.2
Page 23 and 24: Approach to Development · sustaina
Page 25 and 26: Approach to Development 3.19 The fo
Page 27 and 28: Environment and Sustainable Develop
Page 29 and 30: Environment and Sustainable Develop
Page 31 and 32: Women's Involvement in Development
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 6 PRIVATISATION AND PUBLIC
Page 35 and 36: unacceptably high inequalities of i
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC OUTLOOKECONOMIC
Page 39 and 40: Economic Outlook 7.9 This section e
Page 41 and 42: Table 7.2 Seventh Plan Outlay and S
Page 43 and 44: Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Capital Expen
Page 45 and 46: Economic Outlook economic sector wi
Page 47 and 48: Economic Outlook recurrent expendit
Page 49 and 50: Financing GapFinancing Gap Table 7.
Page 51 and 52: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
Page 53 and 54: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Strategy
Page 55 and 56: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
Page 57 and 58: Fiscal and Monetary Policy TABLE 8.
Page 59 and 60: I. IntroductionI. Introduction CHAP
Page 61 and 62: Aid Policy 9.9 Sectoral Allocation
Page 63 and 64: Aid Policy 9.20 Sector Ministries,
Page 65 and 66: Aid Policy Aid and the Private Sect
Page 67 and 68: Culture and Religion Dratshangs and
Page 69 and 70: Culture and Religion and documented
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Culture and Religion V. Financial a
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Education Table 11.1 Educational In
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Education Higher EducationHigher Ed
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Education 11.24 In 1986, the enrolm
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Education Table 11.3 Enrolment Targ
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Education particularly of the natio
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Education writing and numeracy and
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CHAPTER 12 Human Resource Developme
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of Bhutan + Corporation Planning Co
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Joint and Public Sector IndustriesJ
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Table 12.5 Sectoral Training Funded
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Human Resource Development IV. Manp
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CHAPTER 13 HEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SE
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Table 13.2 Health Institutions July
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A. Objectives and Strategies in the
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Table 13.5 Goals for Children and W
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Health Services IV. Health Sector P
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Mother and Child Health (MCH)Mother
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TOTALS FOR Health 1992/93 1993/94 1
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Human Settlements Chhukha. Certifie
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Human Settlements Lack of Skilled M
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Human Settlements only a fraction -
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Human Settlements awareness of the
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CHAPTER 15 TRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPOR
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Table 15.2 Passenger Carriage by Dr
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Civil AviationCivil Aviation Transp
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Transport Sector 15.25 In the 7FYP,
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Transport Sector target for formati
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Transport Sector 11
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CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS SECTORCOM
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Table 16.1 Telephone Facilities 199
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A. Objectives for the 7FYPA. Object
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Communications Sector Dzongkhags -D
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TOTALS FOR Department of Post, Tele
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources earning
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.27 T
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources coopera
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Renewable Natural Resources Institu
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.67 A
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Renewable Natural Resources Wildlif
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Renewable Natural Resources TOTALS
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Chapter 18 MANUFACTURING AND TRADEM
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18.8 (see Chapter 19 on Mineral Dev
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Input supplyInput supply Manufactur
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Manufacturing and Trade Polythene P
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Manufacturing and Trade Formulation
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Manufacturing and Trade V. Financia
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Mineral Development Coal mining and
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Mineral Development Table 19.2 Esti
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Mineral Development be purchased: 3
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CHAPTER 20 ENERGY SECTORENERGY SECT
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Exports and ImportsExports and Impo
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Energy Sector 20.21 Most of the rur
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shortages. Energy Sector 20.34 Alte
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Energy Sector items will include pu
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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