COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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COUNTRY BACKGROUND headquarters and 12 dungkhags. Major towns and villages are also connected by motor roads. However the majority of settlements can only be reached by mule tracks and foot trails, as well as cantilever and suspension bridges. Although horses are the main beast of burden, yaks and oxen are used for transportation in some parts of Bhutan. Only one airport, at Paro, is in regular use. The national airline, Druk Air provides services to Dhaka, Kathmandu, Delhi, Calcutta and Bangkok. Telecommunication services consist of telephone, telegraph, telex and civil wireless. However only the civil wireless service connects all dzongkhag headquarters in the country. International telephone links are available by satellite from Thimphu. V. Institutional and Legal Framework An enlightened monarch rules Bhutan through Lhengyel Shungtshog (Cabinet), Tshogdu (National Assembly) and the civil service. His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (born 11 November 1955), IVth in Wangchuck Dynasty, is the Head of the Government as well as the State. The Tshogdu (National Assembly) has 150 members of which 105 are Chimis (representatives of the people) elected for a term of three years. The monk bodies elect 12 monastic representatives,while the remaining 33 members are representatives of the Government and are nominated by the King. The Tshogdu sits twice a year, in addition to emergency sessions. A Royal Advisory Council also exists to advise the King and the Ministers, consisting of 9 Councillors. Four Councillors are elected as representatives of the people, 2 Councillors are elected as representatives of Monk Bodies and one Councillor is nominated by the King. The organizations of central government consist of seven Ministries, their related Departments, 4 Commissions, the Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bhutan Police, Royal Body Guards and several autonomous bodies. The Ministries include Foreign Affairs, Communications, Trade and Industry, Finance, Social Services, Agriculture and Home Affairs (see Figure 1.I on Government Structure). The four commissions are the Planning Commission, the Royal Civil Service Commission, the Special Commission for Cultural Affairs and the Dzongkha Development Commission. Bhutan has resident diplomatic representations in India, Bangladesh, Kuwait, New York and Geneva. The Bhutanese Ambassadors in these places are accredited to several other countries. Apart from representatives of international agencies, only India and Bangladesh have resident diplomatic representatives in Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan.(see Chapter 21) The Royal Civil Service Commission is responsible for formulating and ensuring implementation of
COUNTRY BACKGROUND personnel policies in the civil service. The civil service strength was 11,228 as of late 1991 (see Chapter 12). The country is divided into 18 Dzongkhags (see Map 1.V : Bhutan Administrative Map ) During the 7th Plan, Tashigang dzongkhag may be split into two Dzongkhags namely Tashigang and Tashi Yangtsi. Larger Dzongkhags are sub-divided into Dungkhags (sub-districts). The Dzongkhags, and where they exist Dungkhags, are further sub-divided into 191 gewogs (blocks). Dzongkhags are governed by Dzongdags and Dungkhags by Dungpas. Gewogs are administered by Gups who are elected by the community. The Gups assist the Dzongdags and Dungpas in collection of taxes, mobilization of labour for community services and public construction, settlement of disputes and many other local activities including implementation of some development programmes. Five dzongkhags in Eastern Bhutan, namely Tashigang, Samdrup Jongkhar, Mongar, Pema Gatshel and Lhuntsi are grouped under Zone IV which is headed by the Zonal Administrator, based in Yongphula. The Zonal Administration has sectoral officers who co-ordinate, plan, and monitor the activities in the zone. The Zonal Administration was established to enhance the process of decentralisation, begun in 1981. Bhutan's legal system was previously based on codes laid down by spiritual rulers in the 17th century. The present laws as they exist in Thrimshung Chenmo (Supreme Laws) were legislated by the Tshogdu (National Assembly) in 1957 under the aegis of His Late Majesty Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (1928-1971), the Third King. Disputes are usually settled by Gups. Disputes which fail to be resolved out of the court by the Gups go to the District Courts. Each Dzongkhag has a court head by a Thrimpon. A Dzongkhag court has both original and appellate jurisdictions. The next level of jurisdiction is the High Court in Thimphu. (see Chapter 21) VI. Constraints to Development Since the 1960s, the Royal Government has recognised that Bhutan's economic future is linked to its neighbours and to the world economy. Having abandoned a strategy of self-isolation, Bhutan now looks to increasing economic interaction with other countries as an avenue for development. The development of Bhutanese economy is however constrained by several factors: a) Bhutan is geographically isolated from other countries in the region being a landlocked country, and is distant from the nearest sea port in Calcutta, India. This isolation makes the transport of goods into and from Bhutan costly. b) Because of the extremely mountainous terrain, the area of land which is suitable for agricultural production
Page 1 and 2: COUNTRY BACKGROUND I. Physical Char
Page 3 and 4: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Minerals The exa
Page 5: COUNTRY BACKGROUND Bhutan is the le
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONO
Page 11 and 12: 2: Gross Domestic Product 1980 —
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.2 Economic Performance IV.
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.4 Government Expenditures 1
Page 17 and 18: Table 2.5 Summary of RGOB Budgetary
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Page 23 and 24: Approach to Development · sustaina
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Page 35 and 36: unacceptably high inequalities of i
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Page 49 and 50: Financing GapFinancing Gap Table 7.
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy TABLE 8.
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I. IntroductionI. Introduction CHAP
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Aid Policy 9.9 Sectoral Allocation
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Aid Policy 9.20 Sector Ministries,
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Aid Policy Aid and the Private Sect
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Culture and Religion Dratshangs and
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Culture and Religion and documented
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Culture and Religion V. Financial a
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Education Table 11.1 Educational In
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Education Higher EducationHigher Ed
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Education 11.24 In 1986, the enrolm
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Education Table 11.3 Enrolment Targ
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Education particularly of the natio
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Education writing and numeracy and
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CHAPTER 12 Human Resource Developme
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of Bhutan + Corporation Planning Co
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Joint and Public Sector IndustriesJ
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Table 12.5 Sectoral Training Funded
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Human Resource Development IV. Manp
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CHAPTER 13 HEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SE
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Table 13.2 Health Institutions July
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A. Objectives and Strategies in the
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Table 13.5 Goals for Children and W
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Health Services IV. Health Sector P
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Mother and Child Health (MCH)Mother
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TOTALS FOR Health 1992/93 1993/94 1
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Human Settlements Chhukha. Certifie
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Human Settlements Lack of Skilled M
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Human Settlements only a fraction -
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Human Settlements awareness of the
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CHAPTER 15 TRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPOR
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Table 15.2 Passenger Carriage by Dr
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Civil AviationCivil Aviation Transp
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Transport Sector 15.25 In the 7FYP,
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Transport Sector target for formati
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Transport Sector 11
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CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS SECTORCOM
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Table 16.1 Telephone Facilities 199
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A. Objectives for the 7FYPA. Object
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Communications Sector Dzongkhags -D
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TOTALS FOR Department of Post, Tele
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources earning
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.27 T
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Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
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Renewable Natural Resources coopera
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Renewable Natural Resources Institu
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Renewable Natural Resources 17.67 A
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Renewable Natural Resources Wildlif
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Renewable Natural Resources TOTALS
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Chapter 18 MANUFACTURING AND TRADEM
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18.8 (see Chapter 19 on Mineral Dev
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Input supplyInput supply Manufactur
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Manufacturing and Trade Polythene P
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Manufacturing and Trade Formulation
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Manufacturing and Trade V. Financia
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Mineral Development Coal mining and
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Mineral Development Table 19.2 Esti
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Mineral Development be purchased: 3
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CHAPTER 20 ENERGY SECTORENERGY SECT
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Exports and ImportsExports and Impo
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Energy Sector 20.21 Most of the rur
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shortages. Energy Sector 20.34 Alte
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Energy Sector items will include pu
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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