COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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CHAPTER 19 MINERAL DEVELOPMENTMINERAL DEVELOPMENT 19.1 There have been small scale mining activities in Bhutan for over a thousand years. Slags are found in many parts of country. They point to mining of lead-zinc and iron ores for production of artifacts, weapons, and most notably a series of iron-chain suspension bridges which were constructed in the 14th century by saint Thangthong Gyalpo (1385-1464). 19.2 Mineral exploration began only in the early 1960s. Less than 30% of total area of the country has been mapped geologically. Geological surveys are carried out jointly by Survey of India and Department of Geology and Mines of the Royal Government. So far surveys have shown that there are deposits of coal, limestone, dolomite, talc, marble, gypsum, slate, lead, zinc, copper, tungsten, graphite, iron, mica, phosphate, pyrite, asbestos and gold (see Map 19.I Minerals Deposits and Map 19.II on Mining in Activities) I. Basic SituationI. Basic Situation Table 19.1 Major Mining Companies 1990 Minerals Mining Company Ownership Output in MT Dolomite Kalesore Dolomite Mine TTC*, private 18,443 Dolomite Khagrakhola Dolomite Mine Chhundu, private 19,708 (1989) Dolomite Bhutan Mining Enterprises Private 17,971 Dolomite Khanaburty Dolomite Mine Singye, private 34,400 Dolomite Chainaikhola Dolomite Mine Chaula, private 114,050 Limestone Yangzom Limestone Mine Private 9,000 Limestone Penden Limestone Mine Government 138,324 Carbide Bhutan Carbide & Chemical Limited Joint 20,522 (1989) Coal Penden Duckpa Coal Company Joint 20,000 Gypsum Shumar Gypsum Mines Government 40,000 Tufa Kalapani Calc Tufa Mine Government 16,152 Slate Shaa Slate Mine Government 300,000 (sq ft 1989) * Tashi Commercial Corporation 19.3 At present, coal, limestone, dolomite, calc-tufa, slate, gypsum are mined for domestic industries as well as export.Their production constituted less than 1% of GDP in 1990. Mineral production in Bhutan in 1990 is shown in Table 19.2. 1
Mineral Development Coal mining and deposits Coal mining and deposits 19.4 Coal is mined on a small scale in Bhangtar in Samdrup Jongkhar and exported to neighbouring tea estates of India as well as Bangladesh. Detailed exploration has been carried out in Gerua and the Dimala Khola blocks on Bhangtar-Deothang road. So far, the area have not shown any indication of large coal deposits because of the tectonised nature of its occurrence. In Gerua block, a total reserve of 89,000 tonnes of coals has been estimated at 50 metre depth from the surface. Assessments of coal deposits in other parts of Bhangtar are in progress. Dolomite miningDolomite mining 19.5 Dolomite is mined by five private companies and exported to India and Bangladesh. Large dolomite deposits occur close to the border with India. Bhutanese dolomite has good export potential, as the quality of dolomite is suitable for use in steel, glass and magnesium metal manufacturing processes. Gypsum miningGypsum mining 19.6 Gypsum is mined in Pema Gatshel for use in cement plants. In addition, gypsum is exported to India and Bangladesh. 19.7 A quartzite mine is being opened in Chhukha for export of quartzite lumps to India and Bangladesh. Investigations of quartzite deposits have been given great emphasis in view of the establishment of Ferro Alloys Limited at Pasakha. The quartzite deposits at Tintale, Samchi have been found to be suitable for use by Ferro Alloys Limited. This enterprise is owned jointly by the Royal Government, a private Bhutanese company and a Japanese company. A total of 4 million tonnes of quartzite with silicon was proved by Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit, for this company. Limestone deposits and miningLimestone deposits and mining 19.8 Limestone is mined for manufacture of portland cement and calcium carbide. There are three cement plants in Samchi Dzongkhag each with installed daily capacity of producing 400 tonnes, 100 tonnes and 30 tonnes, respectively. Investigations of Rongri area in Sarbhang has proved a deposit of cement grade limestone of about 1.94 million tonnes. Bhutan Calcium Carbide Limited is developing the infrastructure to utilise this deposit. There is also a reserve of 4.012 million tonnes of cement grade limestone in Pagli extension area, which would feed the 400 tonnes per day Penden Cement Authority. Gumtu Mini Cement Plant would require about 50,000 tonnes of limestones per annum and a reserve of 0.9 million tonnes of limestone was proved in Titi area for use by this Plant. A major cement plant will be established in the 7FYP: the Dungsum Cement Plant in Nanglam. A reserve of 2.8 million tonnes of limestone has been proved in the Kangrazhi and Kurung Ri area of Nanglam which will be used by the Dungsum Cement Project. Base metal depositsBase metal deposits 19.9 Investigations are in progress in Gongkhola, Tongsa for copper deposits. A borehole has indicated the presence of mineralised zone. Drilling in Burkhola in Sarbhang area for strategic minerals has shown a reserve of 3.42 million tonnes of scheelite ore of varying quality. InstitutionsInstitutions 19.10 The Department of Geology and Mines is under the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is responsible for geological mapping, mineral exploration and providing geoscience services required by other government agencies and the private sector mining companies. The Department of Geology and Mines works in close collaboration with Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit which is based in Samchi, Bhutan. 19.11 The Department of Geology and Mines, as a matter of government policy, is not involved in mining operations. It is a support organization which provides information on mineral deposits to promote mineral based industrial development. It also provides geo-technical information to the Department of Roads, Department of Works and Housing, Department of Power for evaluation of engineering hazards and on questions of structural stability. The Department of Geology and Mines supplies lithological and structural information to the Ministry of 2
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND I. Physical Char
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND Minerals The exa
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND Bhutan is the le
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND personnel polici
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CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONO
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2: Gross Domestic Product 1980 —
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Figure 2.2 Economic Performance IV.
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Table 2.4 Government Expenditures 1
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Table 2.5 Summary of RGOB Budgetary
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Figure 2.5 Economic Performance 2.2
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Economic Performance of Infant Mort
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Approach to Development · sustaina
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Approach to Development 3.19 The fo
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Environment and Sustainable Develop
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Environment and Sustainable Develop
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Women's Involvement in Development
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CHAPTER 6 PRIVATISATION AND PUBLIC
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unacceptably high inequalities of i
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CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC OUTLOOKECONOMIC
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Economic Outlook 7.9 This section e
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Table 7.2 Seventh Plan Outlay and S
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Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Capital Expen
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Economic Outlook economic sector wi
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Economic Outlook recurrent expendit
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Financing GapFinancing Gap Table 7.
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy Strategy
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy Table 8.
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy TABLE 8.
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I. IntroductionI. Introduction CHAP
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Aid Policy 9.9 Sectoral Allocation
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Aid Policy 9.20 Sector Ministries,
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Aid Policy Aid and the Private Sect
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Culture and Religion Dratshangs and
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Culture and Religion and documented
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Culture and Religion V. Financial a
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Education Table 11.1 Educational In
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Education Higher EducationHigher Ed
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Education 11.24 In 1986, the enrolm
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Education Table 11.3 Enrolment Targ
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Education particularly of the natio
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Education writing and numeracy and
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CHAPTER 12 Human Resource Developme
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of Bhutan + Corporation Planning Co
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Joint and Public Sector IndustriesJ
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Table 12.5 Sectoral Training Funded
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Human Resource Development IV. Manp
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CHAPTER 13 HEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SE
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Table 13.2 Health Institutions July
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A. Objectives and Strategies in the
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Table 13.5 Goals for Children and W
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Health Services IV. Health Sector P
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Mother and Child Health (MCH)Mother
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TOTALS FOR Health 1992/93 1993/94 1
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Human Settlements Chhukha. Certifie
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Human Settlements Lack of Skilled M
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Human Settlements only a fraction -
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Human Settlements awareness of the
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 15 TRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPOR
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Page 121 and 122: Civil AviationCivil Aviation Transp
Page 123 and 124: Transport Sector 15.25 In the 7FYP,
Page 125 and 126: Transport Sector target for formati
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Page 129 and 130: CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS SECTORCOM
Page 131 and 132: Table 16.1 Telephone Facilities 199
Page 133 and 134: A. Objectives for the 7FYPA. Object
Page 135 and 136: Communications Sector Dzongkhags -D
Page 137 and 138: TOTALS FOR Department of Post, Tele
Page 139 and 140: Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
Page 141 and 142: Renewable Natural Resources earning
Page 143 and 144: Renewable Natural Resources 17.27 T
Page 145 and 146: Renewable Natural Resources Table 1
Page 147 and 148: Renewable Natural Resources coopera
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Page 153 and 154: Renewable Natural Resources Wildlif
Page 155 and 156: Renewable Natural Resources TOTALS
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Page 159 and 160: 18.8 (see Chapter 19 on Mineral Dev
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Page 163 and 164: Manufacturing and Trade Polythene P
Page 165 and 166: Manufacturing and Trade Formulation
Page 167: Manufacturing and Trade V. Financia
Page 171 and 172: Mineral Development Table 19.2 Esti
Page 173 and 174: Mineral Development be purchased: 3
Page 175 and 176: CHAPTER 20 ENERGY SECTORENERGY SECT
Page 177 and 178: Exports and ImportsExports and Impo
Page 179 and 180: Energy Sector 20.21 Most of the rur
Page 181 and 182: shortages. Energy Sector 20.34 Alte
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COUNTRY BACKGROUND - Gross National Happiness Commission

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