Energy in Australia

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Figure 4.5: Australian electricity consumption, by region, 2013–14 250 200 150 TWh 100 50 0 1993–94 1998–99 2003–04 2008–09 2013–14 States in the NEM Western Australia Northern Territory Notes: New South Wales includes the Australian Capital Territory Source: Department of Industry and Science (2015) Australian Energy Statistics, Table L Electricity prices There are notable differences in the wholesale energy purchase costs across states in the NEM which partly reflect actual differences in wholesale prices faced by retailers in each state as network capacity constraints limit the amount of electricity transmitted across state borders. The cost of purchasing energy rose sharply between 2006 and 2009, as droughts produced relatively dry conditions which limited hydro-electric generation and the availability of water resources for cooling in the operation of thermal generation plants. The effect of the carbon pricing mechanism contributed to higher dispatch prices in 2012–13 and 2013– 14, but there is, overall, a declining trend in wholesale prices, reflecting weak demand and the oversupply of electricity generation in the NEM. The main factors that determine retail electricity prices are wholesale prices, transport prices (transmission and distribution), retail costs, and environmental policies. 48 ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA 2015
Figure 4.6: Spread of monthly average real spot prices across states in the NEM region compared to the average NEM spot price $/MWh 2014–15 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 July 1999 –00 July 2004 –05 Max price July 2009 –10 Average NEM spot price July 2014 –15 Notes: Excludes the wholesale prices reported for the Snowy Scheme as well as the price spike in 2005 which may be associated with high prices in Tasmania at the time that state joined the NEM Source: Global Roam Retail electricity prices in Australia, for both households and businesses nearly doubled over the period from 2007–08 to 2013–14, but have started to fall since then and are expected by the Australian Energy Market Commission to plateau going forward. Increases were caused by network costs associated with investment in transmission and distribution infrastructure, due to the need to replace aging assets and reliably meet increasing occurrences of peak electricity demand. Recent price decreases have occurred due to the removal of the carbon pricing mechanism, and due to lower wholesale electricity prices, which are being passed on to consumers. Retail electricity prices are either regulated or determined in a competitive market. Regulated pricing structures in the NEM were designed to allow for recovery of estimated supply costs and have been used to determine investment in new generation capacity. Market contracts represent an alternative pricing structure for residential electricity customers and are largely driven by retail competition. ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA 2015 49
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Energy in Australia 2015 WWW.INDUST
Page 4 and 5:
Department of Industry, Innovation
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Foreword v Data sources IX
Page 8 and 9: 8. Petroleum 93 Overview 94 Primary
Page 10 and 11: Abbreviations and acronyms ABS AEMC
Page 12 and 13: Economic contribution The energy in
Page 14 and 15: Table 1.2: Australia’s energy pro
Page 16 and 17: Energy consumption Australia’s en
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.5: Australia’s energy ex
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Energy flows through the Aus
Page 22 and 23: Figure 1.9: Energy trade insight Au
Page 24 and 25: Overview Energy can be extracted or
Page 26 and 27: Map 2.1: Australia’s energy resou
Page 28 and 29: Oil Australia has limited resources
Page 30 and 31: Uranium Australia has the world’s
Page 32 and 33: Map 2.2: Australia’s solar energy
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.4: Australia’s wind ener
Page 36 and 37: Overview Australia consumed 5,831 p
Page 38 and 39: Table 3.1: Energy consumption, inte
Page 40 and 41: Table 3.2: Australia’s primary en
Page 42 and 43: Table 3.3: Australia’s energy con
Page 44 and 45: Table 3.5: Australia’s energy bal
Page 46 and 47: Table 3.6: Total final energy consu
Page 48 and 49: Structure of the Australian Electri
Page 50 and 51: Generation from renewable fuels con
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.2: Top 10 electricity gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.3: Australia’s principal
Page 56 and 57: Energy efficiency improvements have
Page 60 and 61: In Queensland, Western Australia, T
Page 62 and 63: Rooftop solar panels, Sydney Austra
Page 64 and 65: Overview In Australia, renewable en
Page 66 and 67: Table 5.1: Australia’s renewable
Page 68 and 69: Electricity generation Around 44 pe
Page 70 and 71: The location of renewable energy pr
Page 72 and 73: Solar energy Solar has been the mos
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4: Australia’s solar PV e
Page 76 and 77: Coal being loaded onto a ship, Newc
Page 78 and 79: Overview Australia is the fourth la
Page 80 and 81: Figure 6.2: Australia’s black coa
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.1: Australia’s coal consu
Page 84 and 85: Figure 6.6: World’s largest metal
Page 86 and 87: Low emissions coal Burning fossil f
Page 88 and 89: Overview Gas — conventional and u
Page 90 and 91: In 2014-15 coal seam gas production
Page 92 and 93: Figure 7.2: Australia’s gas produ
Page 94 and 95: Table 7.2: Gas consumption, by stat
Page 96 and 97: Figure 7.6: Australia’s gas marke
Page 98 and 99: Map 7.2: Australian LNG trade by ma
Page 100 and 101: Prices The majority of Australian L
Page 102 and 103: Figure 7.9: Retail household gas pr
Page 104 and 105: Overview Australia produces a range
Page 106 and 107: Figure 8.2: Australia’s primary p
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Figure 8.3: Australia’s refinery
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Figure 8.5: Australia’s refined p
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Table 8.4: Australia’s diesel con
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Figure 8.9: Australia’s energy co
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Figure 8.11: Australia’s petroleu
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Table 8.6: Australia’s petroleum
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Reserves Figure 9.1: Share of globa
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Production Figure 9.5: Energy produ
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Consumption Figure 9.9: Primary ene
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Figure 9.13: Energy imports, top 10
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Figure 9.17: Coal fired electricity
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Prices Figure 9.21: OECD household
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Figure 9.23: OECD diesel prices, 20
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Table A.2: Conversion between units
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Table A5: Gross energy content of g
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Energy in Australia

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