Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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Heating 105 Flues Flue systems for oil-fired boilers are of either the conventional brick chimney or free-standing pipe designs so as to discharge combustion products into the atmosphere and allow sufficient dilution so that fumes reaching ground level will not be noticeable. Chimneys from large boiler plant may be subject to minimum height specification by the local authority. Efflux velocity from the chimney can be increased by utilizing a venturi shape when fan assistance is used, effectively raising the chimney height. The flue pipe diameter will be equal to the boiler outlet connection. Each boiler in a multiple installation should have its own flue. Flues must be kept warm to prevent acidic condensation, and are therefore constructed within the building. Some useful heat is reclaimed in this way. Figure 4.23 shows the necessary separation of flue pipe from combustible materials at an intersection with a floor. External free-standing pipes are constructed of double-walled asbestos or stainless steel to reduce heat loss. Figure 4.24 shows two suitable arrangements. Sleeve Floorboard Flue pipe Asbestos cement sealing plate Mineral wool insulation Plasterboard 150 mm 40 mm 4.23 Separation of flue pipe from combustible materials in a floor. Ridge terminal Terminal Sleeve Sleeve Tee Appliance 25 mm drain 4.24 Internal and external free-standing flue pipes.
106 Heating Performance testing A radiator heating system is subjected to a water pressure test at greater than its normal working pressure prior to thermal insulation. To check its thermal performance, an assessment is made of the expected room temperature for the external conditions prevailing during the test. Careful measurements of the external air temperatures at regular intervals, the amount of solar radiation, the wind speed, the occupancy, the use of internal lighting and the sources of heat gains are needed. Under steady-state conditions: Heat loss from room = heat output from radiator [ ] (tf + t r )/2− t 1.3 UA (t ei − t eo ) = constant × ai 55 The radiator constant is its heat emission for a 55 K temperature difference. The room heat loss is a series of constants multiplied by (t ei − t eo ) K, including ventilation heat loss, and can be characterized by the air temperature difference (t ai − t ao ) K. Thus (t f + t r )/2 can be replaced by the mean water temperature t m ◦ C. Therefore the heat balance equation simplifies to: and (t ai − t ao ) 1 = C(t m − t ai ) 1.3 1 (t ai − t ao ) 2 = C(t m − t ai ) 1.3 2 where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the test day and design conditions respectively. These equations can be divided: [ ] (t ai − t ao ) 1 (tm − t = ai ) 1.3 1 (t ai − t ao ) 2 (t m − t ai ) 2 The left-hand side of the equation represents the variation of building heat loss with temperature, and the right-hand side represents the heating system performance at various room temperatures. A graph of each side against a base of room air temperature can be drawn to find the room air temperature that satisfies both sides of the equation. EXAMPLE 4.4 A radiator heating system is designed to produce an internal air temperature of 23 ◦ Catan outside air temperature of −2 ◦ C with a mean water temperature of 85 ◦ C. It was tested on a calm cloudy day, before occupation, when the external air temperature remained stable at 5 ◦ C for 2 days. Water flow and return temperatures at the boiler were found to be 88 ◦ C and 76 ◦ C respectively during the test. Room internal air temperature remained stable at 26 ◦ C. State whether the heating system performance met its design conditions. On the test day, t m = 88 + 76 2 ◦ C = 82 ◦ C
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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Page 77 and 78: 56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
Page 79 and 80: 58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
Page 81 and 82: 3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
Page 83 and 84: 62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
Page 85 and 86: 64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
Page 87 and 88: 66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
Page 89 and 90: 68 Heat loss calculations The venti
Page 91 and 92: 70 Heat loss calculations The surro
Page 93 and 94: 72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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Page 97 and 98: 76 Heat loss calculations The addit
Page 99 and 100: 78 Heat loss calculations operation
Page 101 and 102: 80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
Page 103 and 104: 82 Heat loss calculations internal
Page 105 and 106: 84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
Page 107 and 108: 86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
Page 109 and 110: 88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
Page 111 and 112: 90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
Page 113 and 114: 92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
Page 115 and 116: 94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
Page 117 and 118: 96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
Page 119 and 120: 98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
Page 121 and 122: 100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
Page 123 and 124: 102 Heating and, maximum available
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Page 131 and 132: 110 Heating Combined heat and power
Page 133 and 134: 112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
Page 135 and 136: 114 Heating Connections are made to
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Page 139 and 140: 118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
Page 141 and 142: 120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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Page 145 and 146: 124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
Page 147 and 148: 126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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156 Ventilation and air conditionin
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6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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182 Hot- and cold-water supplies po
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184 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ce
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186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
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188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
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190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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192 Hot- and cold-water supplies an
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194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
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204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
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206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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208 Soil and waste systems Open to
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210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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212 Soil and waste systems The inte
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214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
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216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
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218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
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220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
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222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
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224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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226 Surface-water drainage The solu
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228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
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230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
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234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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236 Below-ground drainage storage v
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238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
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240 Condensation in buildings mould
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242 Condensation in buildings The w
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244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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246 Condensation in buildings This
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248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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250 Condensation in buildings and,
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252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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