Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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7 Soil and waste systems Learning objectives Study of this chapter will enable the reader to: 1. define the parts of waste and drain systems; 2. understand the type of fluid flow in a waste pipe; 3. explain the ventilation requirements of drainage pipes; 4. list and explain the ways in which the water seal can be lost from traps; 5. know the permitted suction pressure in a waste system; 6. understand air pressure distribution in a stack; 7. know how to connect waste pipes into a stack; 8. know the diameters, slopes and maximum permitted lengths of waste and drain pipes for above-ground systems; 9. know how to design waste and drain pipes for ranges of sanitary appliances; 10. design domestic, high-rise and commercial building waste installations; 11. understand and use discharge units for pipe sizing; 12. explain the uses of different materials and jointing methods; 13. understand how drain systems are tested; 14. explain how drain systems are maintained. Key terms and concepts access 208; air pressure 206; air static pressure 207; blockage 217; connection to stacks 207; discharge stack 207; discharge units 214; drain 208; flow surge 206; grease and residues 217; induced syphonage 209; inspection 216; lime scale 217; maintenance 217; materials and jointing 215; ranges of appliances 213; rodding 217; self-syphonage 206; sewer 207; slope 207; smoke 216; solid deposition 211; testing 216; trap 207; trap seal loss 209; vented systems 214; waste pipe 206; water 206; water seal 207.
206 Soil and waste systems Introduction The terminology of drainage systems is outlined and then the characteristic flow within the pipework is explained. Understanding how fluid flows through waste and drain pipework is fundamental to correct design. The potential for water seal loss in traps beneath sanitary fittings and the deposition of solids in long sloping drains is examined. Various standard pipework layouts for above-ground systems are shown. The fluid flow through drain pipes is subject to diversity in timing and duration, as are the hot- and cold-water supplies to the same appliances. However, the characteristic flows into and out of the appliance are not the same, and the use of discharge units for drains is explained. The materials and jointing methods used for pipework are demonstrated, as are the testing and maintenance procedures. Definitions The following terms are used. Bedding: material around a buried pipeline assisting in resisting imposed loads from ground and traffic. Benching: curved smooth surfaces at the base of manholes, which assist the smooth flow of fluids. Combined system: a drainage system in which foul and surface-water are conveyed in the same pipe. Crown: the highest point on the internal surface of a pipe. Discharge stack: vertical pipe conveying foul fluid/solid. Foul drain: a pipe conveying water-borne waste from a building. Foul sewer: the pipework system provided by the local drainage authority. Invert: the lowest point on the internal surface of a pipe. Manhole: an access chamber to a drain or sewer. Separate system: a drainage system in which foul and surface-water are discharged into separate sewers or places of disposal. Stack: vertical pipe. Subsoil drains: a system of underground porous or un-jointed pipes to collect groundwater and convey it to its discharge point. Surface-water drain: a pipe conveying rain water away from roofs or paved areas within a single cartilage. Surface-water sewer: the local authority pipework system. Waste pipe: pipe from a sanitary appliance to a stack. Fluid flow in waste pipes The discharge of fluid from a sanitary appliance into a waste, soil or drain pipe is a random occurrence of short duration exhibiting a characteristic curve similar to that shown in Fig. 7.1. Flows in waste pipes occur as surges, or plugs of fluid, which last for a short time. The pipe flows full at some time and a partially evacuated space appears towards the end of discharge, as shown in Fig. 7.2. Separation between the water attempting to remain in the P-trap and the plug falling into the soil stack causes an air pocket to form. The static pressure of this air will be subatmospheric. Air from the room and the ventilated soil stack bubbles through the water
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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Page 175 and 176: 154 Ventilation and air conditionin
Page 199 and 200: 6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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Page 215 and 216: 194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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Page 219 and 220: 198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
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Page 229 and 230: 208 Soil and waste systems Open to
Page 231 and 232: 210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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Page 243 and 244: 222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
Page 245 and 246: 224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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Page 251 and 252: 230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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Page 255 and 256: 234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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Page 259 and 260: 238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
Page 261 and 262: 240 Condensation in buildings mould
Page 263 and 264: 242 Condensation in buildings The w
Page 265 and 266: 244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 267 and 268: 246 Condensation in buildings This
Page 269 and 270: 248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
Page 271 and 272: 250 Condensation in buildings and,
Page 273 and 274: 252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 275 and 276: 254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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