Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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Energy economics 35 This detailed analysis can be made for each building or department of a large site, each large room or factory area, each type of heating, air-conditioning or power-using system, each industrial process and each item of plant. The most serious deficiency in the acquisition of data is likely to be the lack of sufficient metering stations. Electricity, gas and other fuels are metered by the supply authority at the point of entry to the building or site; further metering is the responsibility of the site user. Frequently, no further meters are installed and capital expenditure is needed to obtain data. A careful cost benefit approach is required to assess the viability of this equipment (Moss, 1997). Unity brackets In order to deal with the numbers involved, a degree of familiarity with the units and conversion between the various types is needed. A handling technique known as the unity bracket helps to avoid errors being made when dealing with unfamiliar combinations of units. Suppose that we wish to convert 1260 mm into metres. length = 1260 mm Now, 1000 mm ≡ 1 m. Divide each side by 1 m: thus 1000 mm 1m ≡ 1 The left-hand side is now a unity bracket exactly equal to 1 (or unity). Similar unity brackets can be formed for any suitable conversion problem. Now, multiply length by the unity bracket: length = 1260 mm × = 1.26 m 1m 1000 mm Notice that the unity bracket is arranged so that its denominator units cancel the original units. A long chain of conversions can easily be handled and the method avoids errors of logic that can occur if an attempt is made to cope with the problem using mental arithmetic. EXAMPLE 2.1 British Gas sold gas by the therm up to 1992. Harmonization of the units of measurement in Europe caused the change to kWh units. If 1 therm is equal to 105.5 MJ, how many kilowatt-hours are there in 1 therm? 1 therm = 105.5 MJ 1MJ= 10 6 J 1h= 3600 s 1 Watt = 1J/s
36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh × 3600 s 1h Therefore, = 3600 s × 103 10 × 105.5 = 0.0341 therms 1 therm = 1 0.0341 kWh = 29.3056 kWh × 103 W 1kW × 1J 1Ws × 1MJ 10 6 J × 1 therm 105.5 MJ Gross calorific value of a fuel The total heat energy content of a fuel is known as the gross calorific value (GCV) and is usually expressed in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg). EXAMPLE 2.2 Heating oil has a specific gravity of 0.84 and a GCV of 44.8 MJ/kg. Find its heat content in kWh per litre. GCV = 44.8 MJ 0.84 kg × × 103 kJ × 1 kWs × 1h kg 1l 1MJ 1kJ 3600 s = 44.8 × 0.84 × 103 3600 = 10.453 kWh/l kWh/l EXAMPLE 2.3 A site uses 48 000 l of oil of GCV 44.0 MJ/kg and specific gravity 0.84 costing £22 500 and 2 × 10 6 kWh of electricity costing 7.2 p per kWh. The fixed charge for the electrical installation is £3500 and the servicing cost for the oil-fired heating system is £8500. The period of use being considered is 1 year. Draw up an overall energy audit for the year. oil GCV = 44.0 MJ 0.84 kg × × 103 kJ × 1 kWs × 1h kg 1l 1MJ 1kJ 3600 s = 10.27 kWh/l total cost of oil = £22 500 + £8500 = £31 000
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to fifth edition A
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii Sick building syndrome
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
Page 12 and 13: Preface to fifth edition Building S
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements I am particularly
Page 16 and 17: Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
Page 18 and 19: Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
Page 20: Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
Page 23 and 24: 2 Built environment Introduction Th
Page 25 and 26: 4 Built environment Ventilation The
Page 27 and 28: 6 Built environment (a) At full occ
Page 29 and 30: 8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
Page 31 and 32: 10 Built environment Because of the
Page 33 and 34: 12 Built environment Visual display
Page 35 and 36: 14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
Page 37 and 38: 16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
Page 39 and 40: 18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
Page 41 and 42: 20 Built environment t res = t g (1
Page 43 and 44: 22 Built environment great care wit
Page 45 and 46: 24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
Page 47 and 48: 26 Built environment 37. Are any of
Page 49 and 50: 28 Built environment building has a
Page 51 and 52: 30 Built environment 73. What was t
Page 53 and 54: 32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
Page 55: 34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
Page 59 and 60: 38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
Page 61 and 62: 40 Energy economics For solid fuel
Page 63 and 64: 42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
Page 65 and 66: 44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
Page 67 and 68: 46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
Page 69 and 70: 48 Energy economics annual cost = u
Page 71 and 72: 50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
Page 73 and 74: 52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
Page 75 and 76: 54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
Page 77 and 78: 56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
Page 79 and 80: 58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
Page 81 and 82: 3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
Page 83 and 84: 62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
Page 85 and 86: 64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
Page 87 and 88: 66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
Page 89 and 90: 68 Heat loss calculations The venti
Page 91 and 92: 70 Heat loss calculations The surro
Page 93 and 94: 72 Heat loss calculations The speci
Page 95 and 96: 74 Heat loss calculations where R m
Page 97 and 98: 76 Heat loss calculations The addit
Page 99 and 100: 78 Heat loss calculations operation
Page 101 and 102: 80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
Page 103 and 104: 82 Heat loss calculations internal
Page 105 and 106: 84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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182 Hot- and cold-water supplies po
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184 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ce
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186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
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188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
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190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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192 Hot- and cold-water supplies an
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194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
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204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
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206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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208 Soil and waste systems Open to
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210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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212 Soil and waste systems The inte
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214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
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216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
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218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
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220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
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222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
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224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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226 Surface-water drainage The solu
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228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
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230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
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234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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236 Below-ground drainage storage v
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238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
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240 Condensation in buildings mould
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242 Condensation in buildings The w
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244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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246 Condensation in buildings This
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248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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250 Condensation in buildings and,
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252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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